{"id":1363,"date":"2021-08-04T16:18:07","date_gmt":"2021-08-04T21:18:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vistprojects.com\/en\/?p=1363"},"modified":"2021-08-04T16:18:18","modified_gmt":"2021-08-04T21:18:18","slug":"cemetery-in-medellin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vistprojects.com\/en\/cemetery-in-medellin\/","title":{"rendered":"Cemetery in Medell\u00edn"},"content":{"rendered":"

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They brought them dead sons from the war,<\/em>
\nAnd daughters whom life had crushed,<\/em>
\nAnd their children fatherless, crying \u2014<\/em>
\nAll, all are sleeping, sleeping, sleeping on the hill.<\/em><\/h6>\n
<\/em><\/h6>\n
\u201cThe Hill\u201d<\/em>
\nEdgar Lee Masters.<\/h6>\n

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1<\/strong><\/h2>\n

I have a persistent memory of the San Pedro de Medell\u00edn cemetery. There I had the first revelation of what the drama of drug trafficking could mean. It came from Havana, from the Havana confinement, where the drug war was for us mere mortals, the distant news of corrupt countries and \u2014of course\u2014 capitalists. The world of drugs was something that had nothing to do with our lives involved in the “construction of the New World”, the one where the inevitably heroic and altruistic man would live, without the stains printed by imperialism, the incorruptible combatant of the “battle for the future”. (I was unaware then that \u201cNew Man” already had access to artificial paradises, in secret and endless parties). I will never forget the impression that the photos of the very young hitmen, framed in stucco tombstones, and the sound of rancheras that never ended made on me. Photos, flowers, messages, toys, souvenirs, music that created a strange atmosphere, like life in death \u2014as before, I suppose, it must have been death in life. There was something pathetically frustrated on that side of the cemetery where the photos of so many smiling young men contradicted the peace of any cemetery. And then, when we went up to the Itag\u00fc\u00ed cemetery, in front of Pablo Escobar’s discreet (elegant) grave, covered with fresh flowers (as they told me there were always fresh flowers), I understood the enormous distance between one cemetery and the other, the symbolic dimension between the niches with photos and the exasperated music of El Rey del Despecho and that tomb on the ground, with flowers and a slab of dark gray marble. Even death knows differences. In the end it doesn’t matter, but the warlord seems to face eternity in a very different way from his vassals.<\/p>\n

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2<\/strong><\/h2>\n

And I thought (I think) of the ‘caudillismo’ that has been and continues to be one of the most damaging scourges left by the Hispanic tradition, the despotism and the wars for independence. Since the beginning of the 19th century, from the very wars for the liberation of Latin America from the Spanish empire, the horror of the leader appeared, the power of the enlightened guide, the authority of the \u201cmessiah\u201d, the man who stands out for his strength, his charisma and, above all, for their lack of scruples and morals. One of the great problems of \u201cour painful republics\u201d (as Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed called them) comes from the persistence of this initial anomaly. Have we ever been full democracies? Something terribly definitive survives between us when we are able to create an entire literary discipline called the Dictator’s Novel. From Tyrant Banderas<\/em>, by Ram\u00f3n del Valle Incl\u00e1n; even The Feast of the Goat<\/em>, by Mario Vargas Llosa, has witnessed the horror that has made life impossible on a wonderful continent \u2014in its double meaning of excellence and magic. It was a matter of time before caudillismo went from landowner or politician (or both) to drug dealer. It was only a matter of time: it was a simple historical process. It goes without saying, the republics of “generals and doctors” became those of the Lord of Drugs. Power accommodates itself, adjusts to the times. Power also tries to “persevere in its being.” Now Pedro P\u00e1ramo<\/em> directs his tyranny towards controlling the sale of drugs. I, the supreme<\/em>, reappears in the Sinaloa cartel. As is known and verified every day, the consequences have been dire. It almost seems unnecessary to talk about the extremely high number of deaths (murders, suicides …); of the devastated towns; of political and legal instability; of the abuse of power; of militarization and, as a consequence, of the consequent loss of freedoms; of mental illnesses that cause fear, instability and confinement; of extortion; of corruption in all its forms; of poverty; of the boredom of living; and perhaps the worst, the trivialization of all these scares…<\/p>\n

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3<\/strong><\/h2>\n

And in the middle of it all, where is the freedom? Individual freedom, I mean. So it seems fair to me to talk about the prohibitions. For example: a hundred years ago the famous law called Prohibition<\/em> was imposed in the United States, passed by Congress and signed by the Democratic president Woodrow Wilson in 1917, by means of the manufacture, sale, import and consumption of alcoholic beverages. The process towards it came from afar, of course, from that American Temperance Society of a puritanism so close to fanaticism. The State (the \u201cPhilanthropic Ogre\u201d, as Octavio Paz would say) assumed control of the \u201ccommon good\u201d, the observation of the security and well-being of its citizens. As was logical, the consequences were immediate. The production and alcohol consumption did not decrease. On the other hand, organized crime increased considerably. It was the great moment of the North American mafia. The neighboring countries (Mexico, Cuba) suffered to a high degree the consequences of the “dry crusade”. For alcohol to continue its secret presence in American society during prohibition, the corruption of the system was necessary. And lo and behold, history repeats itself in an atrocious way.<\/p>\n

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4<\/h2>\n

One hundred years ago, the adverse effects of Prohibition were far more disastrous than the consumption of alcoholic beverages. The counterproductive effects of the fight against drug trafficking are proving more sinister, much more sinister, than drug use itself. To a dramatically superlative degree. It always happens when the State moves towards control, banishment: the result not only undermines individual freedom, but also destroys the hygiene of the system itself. Does war not ruin more than the drugs itself? It destroys physically and morally. It leaves behind a trail of ruin, poverty and hopelessness. Corrupted both sides, the State and the “narco-state”, attack the most vulnerable side of society. Nobody should realize that drug use is primarily a public health problem. Drug trafficking and the battle against it, make the rope break for the thinnest, if I may be allowed a frivolous phrase, given the terrible tragedy that it implies. I think that the power of the State is catastrophically close to the power it seeks to combat and that the poison of “caudillismo” spreads to all institutions. Suddenly it is difficult to know if whoever claims to come to save us, intends, on the contrary, to destroy us.<\/p>\n

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5<\/h2>\n

I’ve always liked walking around cemeteries. Cemeteries are novels, Cees Nooteboom might say. Or wonderful books of poetry, as Edgar Lee Masters taught us with his portentous Spoon River Anthology<\/em>. As paradoxical as it may seem, somehow cemeteries reconcile me with life. There is something beautiful about pretending that in the end there is a garden of peace (whether or not the cypress trees grow there). However, the San Pedro de Medell\u00edn cemetery caused me a dark unease. There was no reconciliation in that walk between niches with the photos of so many smiling young people and the tenacious music of the rancheras. There was something desperate and violent. The photographs spoke of disaster and failure. Could it have to do with the awareness of how history becomes a trap? Subsequently, numerous testimonies have been read and heard. We have been shaken, for example, by the chronicles of Marcela Turati. Just today, I have seen, in a television report: an army of child soldiers somewhere in the north of Mexico to mitigate the failure of the State in the lost battle. “History is a nightmare from which I try to awake” (Stephen Dedalus: James Joyce). That nightmare, that story extends across the entire continent, up to the Rio Bravo. It seems fair to me to distinguish that on the battlefield there are the dead-dead and the dead-living. It is becoming more and more precise to understand that it is not only corpses that are being piled up in the gutters.<\/p>\n

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Palma de Mallorca, 2021.<\/h4>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t<\/svg><\/a>\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t<\/svg><\/a>\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t<\/g>\n\t<\/svg><\/a>They brought them dead sons from the war, And daughters whom life had crushed, And their children fatherless, crying \u2014 All, all are sleeping, sleeping, sleeping on the hill. \u201cThe Hill\u201d Edgar Lee Masters.1 I have a persistent memory of the San Pedro de Medell\u00edn cemetery. There I had the first revelation of what the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\"][et_pb_row use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila-intro\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" module_alignment=\"center\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"||0px||false|false\" custom_margin_phone=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|phone\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|30px|50px|false|true\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|25px|20px|25px|false|true\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|0px|20px|false|true\" collapsed=\"off\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" 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They brought them dead sons from the war,<\/em>\nAnd daughters whom life had crushed,<\/em>\nAnd their children fatherless, crying \u2014<\/em>\nAll, all are sleeping, sleeping, sleeping on the hill.<\/em><\/h6>\n
<\/em><\/h6>\n
\u201cThe Hill\u201d<\/em>\nEdgar Lee Masters.<\/h6>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,3_4\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"texto 1\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" module_alignment=\"center\" custom_margin=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|phone\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|60px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|50px|60px|25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|60px|20px|false|false\" border_radii=\"off||||\" collapsed=\"off\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_enable_color=\"off\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\"][et_pb_text module_class=\"vst-p\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"50px||||false|false\"]\n

1<\/p>\n

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     Tengo un recuerdo persistente<\/span> <\/span>del cementerio San Pedro de Medell\u00edn. All\u00ed tuve la primera revelaci\u00f3n de lo que pod\u00eda significar el drama del narcotr\u00e1fico. Ven\u00eda de La Habana, del encierro habanero, donde la guerra de la droga era para nosotros, los simples mortales, la lejana noticia de pa\u00edses corrompidos y \u2014por supuesto\u2014 capitalistas. El mundo de las drogas era algo que nada ten\u00eda que ver nuestras vidas enfrascadas en la \u201cconstrucci\u00f3n del Mundo Nuevo\u201d, ese donde habitar\u00eda el hombre inevitablemente heroico y altruista, sin las m\u00e1culas impresas por el imperialismo, el incorruptible combatiente de la \u201cbatalla por el futuro\u201d. (Ignoraba yo entonces que aquel \u201cHombre Nuevo\u201d ten\u00eda ya acceso a los para\u00edsos artificiales, en fiestas secretas e interminables). Nunca olvidar\u00e9 la impresi\u00f3n que provocaron en m\u00ed las fotos de los jovenc\u00edsimos sicarios, enmarcadas en l\u00e1pidas de estuco, al sonido de rancheras que no terminaban nunca. Fotos, flores, mensajes, juguetes, recuerdos, m\u00fasica que creaba una atm\u00f3sfera extra\u00f1a, como de vida en la muerte \u2014como antes, supongo, debi\u00f3 haber sido de muerte en la vida. Hab\u00eda algo pat\u00e9ticamente frustrado en aquel lado del cementerio donde las fotos de tantos j\u00f3venes sonrientes contradec\u00edan la paz propia de cualquier cementerio. Y luego, cuando subimos al cementerio de Itag\u00fc\u00ed, frente a la tumba discreta (elegante) de Pablo Escobar, cubierta de flores frescas (seg\u00fan me dijeron siempre hab\u00eda flores frescas) comprend\u00ed la distancia enorme entre un cementerio y el otro, la dimensi\u00f3n simb\u00f3lica entre los nichos con fotos y la exasperada m\u00fasica del Rey del Despecho y aquel sepulcro en tierra, con flores y losa de m\u00e1rmol gris oscuro. Hasta la muerte conoce diferencias. En el fondo da lo mismo, pero el Caudillo parece enfrentar la eternidad de manera bien diferente a sus vasallos.<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,3_4\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"texto 2\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" module_alignment=\"center\" custom_margin=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|phone\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|60px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|50px|60px|25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|60px|20px|false|false\" border_radii=\"off||||\" collapsed=\"off\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_enable_color=\"off\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\"][et_pb_text module_class=\"vst-p\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"50px||||false|false\"]\n

2<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

     Y pens\u00e9 (pienso) en el caudillismo que ha sido y sigue siendo una de las lacras m\u00e1s da\u00f1inas que dej\u00f3 la tradici\u00f3n hispana, el caciquismo y las guerras por la independencia. Desde los inicios del siglo XIX, desde las propias guerras por la liberaci\u00f3n de Am\u00e9rica Latina del imperio espa\u00f1ol, apareci\u00f3 el horror del l\u00edder, el poder del gu\u00eda iluminado, la autoridad del \u201cmes\u00edas\u201d, el hombre que destaca por su fuerza, su carisma y, sobre todo, por su falta de escr\u00fapulos y moral. Uno de los grandes problemas de \u201cnuestras dolorosas rep\u00fablicas\u201d (como las llam\u00f3 Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed) viene de la persistencia de esa anomal\u00eda inicial. \u00bfAcaso alguna vez hemos sido democracias plenas? Algo terriblemente definitivo pervive entre nosotros cuando somos capaces de crear toda una disciplina literaria llamada Novela del Dictador. Desde Tirano Banderas<\/em>, de Ram\u00f3n del Valle Incl\u00e1n; hasta La fiesta del chivo<\/em>, de Mario Vargas Llosa, se ha testimoniado el espanto que ha ido haciendo imposible la vida en un continente maravilloso \u2014en su doble acepci\u00f3n de excelencia y magia. Era cuesti\u00f3n de tiempo que el caudillismo pasara de terrateniente o de pol\u00edtico (o de ambas cosas), a narcotraficante. Era s\u00f3lo cuesti\u00f3n de tiempo: se trataba de un simple proceso hist\u00f3rico. Ca\u00eda por su propio peso que las rep\u00fablicas de \u201cgenerales y doctores\u201d pasaran a ser las del Se\u00f1or de las Drogas. El poder se acomoda, se ajusta a los tiempos. El poder tambi\u00e9n intenta \u201cperseverar en su ser\u201d. Ahora Pedro P\u00e1ramo dirige su tiran\u00eda hacia el control de la venta de drogas. Yo, el supremo, reaparece en el c\u00e1rtel de Sinaloa. Como se sabe y se comprueba cada d\u00eda, las consecuencias han sido nefastas. Casi parece innecesario hablar del n\u00famero elevad\u00edsimo de muertos (asesinatos, suicidios\u2026); de los pueblos arrasados; de la inestabilidad pol\u00edtica, jur\u00eddica; del abuso de poder; de la militarizaci\u00f3n y, como consecuencia, de la consiguiente p\u00e9rdida de libertades; de las enfermedades mentales que provocan el miedo, la inestabilidad y el encierro; de la extorsi\u00f3n; de la corrupci\u00f3n en todas sus formas; de la pobreza; del hast\u00edo de vivir; y quiz\u00e1, lo peor, la trivializaci\u00f3n de todos estos espantos\u2026<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,3_4\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"texto 3\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" module_alignment=\"center\" custom_margin=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|phone\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|60px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|50px|60px|25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|60px|20px|false|false\" border_radii=\"off||||\" collapsed=\"off\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_enable_color=\"off\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\"][et_pb_text module_class=\"vst-p\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"50px||||false|false\"]\n

3<\/p>\n

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      Y en medio de todo, \u00bfd\u00f3nde queda la libertad? La libertad individual, digo. Entonces me parece justo hablar de las prohibiciones. Por ejemplo: hace cien a\u00f1os se impuso en Estados Unidos la famosa ley llamada Prohibition (Ley Seca), aprobada por el Congreso y firmada por el presidente dem\u00f3crata Woodrow Wilson en 1917, por medio de la cual se prohib\u00eda la fabricaci\u00f3n, venta, importaci\u00f3n y consumo de bebidas alcoh\u00f3licas. El proceso hacia ella ven\u00eda de lejos, por supuesto, desde aquel American Temperance Society de un puritanismo tan pr\u00f3ximo al fanatismo. El Estado (el \u201cOgro Filantr\u00f3pico\u201d, que dir\u00eda Octavio Paz) asum\u00eda el control del \u201cbien com\u00fan\u201d, la observaci\u00f3n de la seguridad y el bienestar de sus ciudadanos. Como era l\u00f3gico, las consecuencias no se hicieron esperar. La producci\u00f3n y el consumo de alcohol no disminuyeron. Aument\u00f3 considerablemente, en cambio, el crimen organizado. Fue el gran momento de la mafia norteamericana. Los pa\u00edses lim\u00edtrofes (M\u00e9xico, Cuba) sufrieron en alto grado las consecuencias de la ley seca. Para que durante la prohibici\u00f3n el alcohol continuara su secreta presencia en la sociedad norteamericana, era precisa la corrupci\u00f3n del sistema. Y he ah\u00ed que la historia se repite de manera atroz.<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,3_4\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"texto 4\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" module_alignment=\"center\" custom_margin=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|phone\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|60px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|50px|60px|25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|60px|20px|false|false\" border_radii=\"off||||\" collapsed=\"off\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_enable_color=\"off\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\"][et_pb_text module_class=\"vst-p\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"50px||||false|false\"]\n

4<\/p>\n

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      Hace cien a\u00f1os, los efectos adversos de la ley seca fueron mucho m\u00e1s desastrosos que el consumo de bebidas alcoh\u00f3licas. Los efectos contraproducentes de la lucha contra el narcotr\u00e1fico est\u00e1n resultando m\u00e1s siniestros, mucho m\u00e1s siniestros, que el propio consumo de drogas. En grado dram\u00e1ticamente superlativo. Siempre sucede cuando el Estado se moviliza hacia el control, la proscripci\u00f3n: el resultado no solo atenta contra la libertad individual, sino que echa por tierra la higiene del propio sistema. La guerra \u00bfno arruina m\u00e1s que la droga misma? Destruye f\u00edsica y moralmente. Va dejando a su paso un rastro de ruina, pobreza y falta de esperanza. Corrompidos ambos bandos, el Estado y el \u201cnarcoestado\u201d, arremeten contra el lado m\u00e1s vulnerable de la sociedad. A nadie conviene percatarse de que el consumo de droga es en primer lugar un problema de salud p\u00fablica. El narcotr\u00e1fico y la batalla contra \u00e9l, hacen quebrar la soga por lo m\u00e1s delgado, si se me permite una frase fr\u00edvola, dada la terrible tragedia que implica. Pienso que el poder del Estado se acerca catastr\u00f3ficamente al poder que pretende combatir y que el veneno del caudillismo se extiende hacia todas las instituciones. De pronto es dif\u00edcil saber si quien dice venir a salvarnos, pretende, por el contrario, destruirnos.<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,3_4\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"texto 5\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" module_alignment=\"center\" custom_margin=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|phone\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|60px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|50px|60px|25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|60px|20px|false|false\" border_radii=\"off||||\" collapsed=\"off\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_enable_color=\"off\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\"][et_pb_text module_class=\"vst-p\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"50px||||false|false\"]\n

5<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

      Siempre me ha gustado pasear por los cementerios. Los cementerios son novelas, dir\u00eda acaso Cees Nooteboom. O maravillosos libros de poemas, como nos ense\u00f1\u00f3 Edgar Lee Masters con su portentosa Antolog\u00eda de Spoon River<\/em>. Por parad\u00f3jico que parezca, de alg\u00fan modo los cementerios me reconcilian con la vida. Hay algo de hermoso en pretender que al final existe un jard\u00edn de paz (crezcan o no los cipreses all\u00ed). No obstante, el cementerio San Pedro de Medell\u00edn me provoc\u00f3 un oscuro desasosiego. Nada hab\u00eda de reconciliaci\u00f3n en aquel pasear entre nichos con las fotos de tantos j\u00f3venes sonrientes y la m\u00fasica tenaz de las rancheras. Hab\u00eda algo desesperado y violento. Las fotograf\u00edas hablaban del desastre y del fracaso. \u00bfTendr\u00eda que ver con la conciencia de c\u00f3mo la historia se convierte en trampa? Luego, se han le\u00eddo y escuchado numerosos testimonios. Nos han estremecido, por ejemplo, las cr\u00f3nicas de Marcela Turati. Hoy mismo, para no ir m\u00e1s lejos, he visto, en un reportaje de televisi\u00f3n: un ej\u00e9rcito de ni\u00f1os soldados en alg\u00fan lugar al norte de M\u00e9xico para atenuar el fracaso del Estado en la batalla perdida. \u201cLa historia es una pesadilla de la que intento despertar\u201d (Stephen Dedalus: James Joyce). Esa pesadilla, esa historia se extiende por todo el continente, hasta el r\u00edo Bravo. Me parece justo distinguir que en el campo de batalla est\u00e1n los muertos-muertos y los muertos-vivos. Se hace cada vez m\u00e1s preciso comprender que no son s\u00f3lo cad\u00e1veres los que van quedando amontonados en las cunetas.<\/p>\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,3_4\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila-regular\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" module_alignment=\"center\" custom_margin=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|phone\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|60px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|50px|60px|25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|60px|20px|false|false\" border_radii=\"off||||\" collapsed=\"off\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_enable_color=\"off\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\"][et_pb_text module_class=\"vst-p\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"50px||||false|false\"]\n

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