{"id":2090,"date":"2022-11-21T21:13:36","date_gmt":"2022-11-22T02:13:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vistprojects.com\/en\/?p=2090"},"modified":"2022-11-21T21:16:06","modified_gmt":"2022-11-22T02:16:06","slug":"the-war-of-the-ovayerii-is-still-ongoing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vistprojects.com\/en\/the-war-of-the-ovayerii-is-still-ongoing\/","title":{"rendered":"The war of the Ovayerii is\u00a0still ongoing"},"content":{"rendered":"

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The Ashaninka – the most prominent indigenous nation in the Peruvian Amazon – have been organizing for generations to defend their territory. They call themselves Ovayerii: warriors. In the years of the war against the Shining Path, these groups – recognized by law as Self-Defense Committees – defeated terrorism in the Vraem jungle. Today, despite the indifference of the State, the “Ash\u00e1ninka army” resists drug trafficking, illegal loggers, and land invaders. For them, peace remains under threat.<\/span><\/p>\n

By Joseph Z\u00e1rate<\/span><\/p>\n

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They called him Bendito<\/b><\/p>\n

He was a tall, sturdy young man, pastor of a small evangelical church, whose words were so energetic and seductive that he could convert dozens of Ash\u00e1ninkas like him into Christians. But in the native community of Potsoteni, where he was born and raised like his ancestors, Bendito failed to convince the Shining Path militants to exchange the path of arms for forgiveness. For the terrorists – many of them teachers or farmers who were also Ashaninka – the only way to abandon that life of poverty, that “historical abandonment” by the Peruvian State, was to take power through “people’s war.”<\/span><\/p>\n

Anyone who opposed this project was an enemy and had to be exterminated, beheaded, hanged, or stoned. They had to die from a bullet in their head.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bendito saw how the Potsoteni authorities were murdered and how families agreed to join the ranks of the Party out of fear. Then one night in mid-1990, when the terrorist commanders got drunk at a party, the young pastor, his two wives, his young children, and a group of 30 families took the opportunity to fly in the darkest hour of the night. They sailed down the mighty Ene River in canoes, eight hours downstream, without stopping, until they reached Poyeni, another community in the Tambo River basin, out of the Shining Path’s reach. From that day on, that 25-year-old shepherd – still called Alejandro Pedro Chubiante – changed his name to the one that all Ashaninka people remember him by today. He wanted to protect his family, although it did him little good: a couple of years later, in an ambush, while he was harvesting cassava, terrorists stoned him to death.<\/span><\/p>\n

“I will never forget that story, but I don’t victimize myself because my father died,” says \u00c1ngel Pedro Valerio, Bendito’s youngest son, then a baby hugging his mother’s skirt, on the night of the escape. “We Ash\u00e1ninkas remember so that this tragedy will never happen again.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Self-Defense Committee of the Puerto Ash\u00e1ninka Union Community, R\u00edo Ene. \/ Musuk Nolte<\/span><\/p>\n

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Although his images of his father are too blurry, Angel Pedro says he has preserved his legacy. In a few months, he will be the age of Jesus Christ. At the same time, Angel will be in his sixth year as president of the Central Ash\u00e1ninka del R\u00edo Ene (CARE). Ash\u00e1nika people created CARE in 1993 to organize this indigenous nation – the largest in the Peruvian jungle – to repopulate the lands taken over by terrorism at the end of the 20th century.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Ash\u00e1ninka people were the Amazonian nation most punished by the war between the Armed Forces and the Shining Path, according to the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Peru: more than 30 communities disappeared, some 10,000 indigenous people were displaced, 5,000 kidnapped and 6,000 murdered, close to 10 percent of the total number of deaths recorded.<\/span><\/p>\n

The first Shining Path members arrived in Ene river in the mid-1980s, together with groups of colonists dedicated to coca leaf cultivation, which had settled on the left bank of the river. Their purpose was to control the central jungle after confronting the military in Ayacucho, in the country’s southern highlands. The terrorists looted farms and burned medical posts and municipal offices. They set up forced labor camps in the thick forest where they held hundreds of Ashaninka captive for months. They forced them to work the land, cook for the terrorist commanders, to abandon their language to speak Quechua or Spanish. They stabbed or hanged the rebels in front of their families. They raped women. They kidnapped children between 10 and 15 to brainwash them and turn them into combatants.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ash\u00e1ninka woman with a machete in the Kimaropitari community; the machete is one of the main tools in the Chacras (small farm) to cut through the undergrowth, and peel fish, among other uses.\/Musuk Nolte. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Around the same time, cocaine trafficking boomed in the Ene Valley. The local economy changed rapidly and stimulated land appropriation. Until then, peaceful airstrips of religious missions became very active. And Colombians appeared; they asked the Ashaninka to abandon cocoa for the more lucrative coca. Some agreed others did not.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hundreds of Ashaninka, like Bendito and the families of Potsoteni, fled into the bush or down the river. Albeit at a high cost. Some people had to leave their weaker or smaller family members behind. They feared being found by the annihilation commandos. The community leaders, however, knew they could not keep running forever.<\/span><\/p>\n

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“We have concrete houses, but there is no drinking water or sewage or internet for our children to study,” says Angel Pedro, an Ash\u00e1ninka leader. “We have some shotguns that they gave us to defend ourselves from Sendero, but now they are obsolete. If it weren’t for our organization, for our strength, they would have disappeared us by now.”<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

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Members of the Osherato self-defense committee patrol the community. A few months ago they caught a boat transporting drugs, a common occurrence in the Ene River basin. \/ Musuk Nolte<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text module_class=”vst-p” _builder_version=”4.15.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”50px||||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

Flight, combat, return.<\/b><\/p>\n

Unlike other Amazonian peoples who conquer territories, the Ashaninka are defensive warriors: when they are attacked, when their lands are invaded, they have the reputation of being the fiercest warriors – the best with bow and arrow – of the 51 Amazonian nations that exist in Peru. Hence, after Shining Path’s initial coup in the Ene Valley, the Ashaninka people organized themselves without waiting for help from the Peruvian state.<\/span><\/p>\n

For generations, the Ashaninka have formed groups specialized in protecting themselves from threats. They call them Ovayerii: warriors. In his book <\/span>Rondas Campesinas y Nativas de la Amazon\u00eda Peruana<\/span><\/i>, anthropologist \u00d3scar Espinosa explains that these groups constitute a traditional practice to which the Ash\u00e1ninka have been forced to resort at different times in history, when they have had to defend their lands or their lives. Ash\u00e1ninka people reactivated this tradition in the face of terrorist violence.<\/span><\/p>\n

In the early 1990s, when the war against Shining Path was at its bloodiest; the Ashaninka of the Ene and Tambo river valleys organized themselves into the Ashaninka army: a battalion of indigenous warriors armed with shotguns, bows, and arrows that made surprise assaults on the Shining Path camps. To assaults them, the native rounders appealed to the warrior tradition of their grandfathers.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” admin_label=”Fila 50-50″ module_class=”vst-cnt-img-x2″ _builder_version=”4.15″ _module_preset=”default” width=”100%” max_width=”1920px” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|50px|0px|50px|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”|25px||25px|false|false” custom_padding_phone=”|20px||20px|false|false” collapsed=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.15″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|10px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”|5px|||false|false” custom_padding_phone=”|0px|||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” custom_css_main_element_last_edited=”on|desktop”][et_pb_code admin_label=”Imagen Esp” module_class=”vst-cnt-img” _builder_version=”4.15″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_code][et_pb_text admin_label=”Pie de foto” _builder_version=”4.15.1″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#6e6e6e” text_font_size=”13px” text_letter_spacing=”0.16px” text_orientation=”right” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”10px|0px|15px|0px|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”||10px||false|false” custom_padding_phone=”|20px|5px||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” hover_enabled=”0″ custom_css_main_element=”font-weight:400;” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

Masato is a drink made from yucca fermented with saliva and sweet potato. Its consumption is vital in social relations and is a food source for several Amazonian peoples, such as the Ashaninka. \/ Musuk Nolte.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Carin Bendita Bardales lives in the community of Kempiri with her family after spending some time in a Noshiro. \/ Musuk Nolte<\/span><\/p>\n

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Thus, all the adult males formed the “self-defense committees” or CADs, legalized in 1991 during Alberto Fujimori’s regime. “It is thanks to us that the military has won,” says Am\u00e9rico Salcedo, 35, president of the self-defense committee of the Ene valley, which covers some 56 communities with their annexes, from Osherato to Catungo-Qempiri. Shining Path murdered his father, and his body was thrown into the river. “Fujimori has not wanted to confront one hundred percent. The military has given our brothers weapons so they can only fight as cannon fodder. To go and die. And that is also part of the truth.”<\/span><\/p>\n

By 1994, the Ene communities, like those of Potsoteni, decided to reconquer their territories in coordination with the Armed Forces. Potsoteni (“red river” in the Ashaninka language) was one of the first communities to return to the valley.<\/span><\/p>\n

“We ambushed the Terrucos. Little by little, we opened a farm to live in this territory again,” says Toribio Valerio, a former Ash\u00e1ninka leader who organized the return of his community after his uncle Bendito was murdered by Shining Path. Today, more than 30 years later, from the tranquility of his old age, Toribio lives with his wife, four grown-up children, and many grandchildren, integrated into this community of more than 500 families in a territory that exceeds 10,000 soccer fields combined.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Girls prepare for a Mother’s Day performance in the community of Potsoteni, Rio Jan. \/ Musuk Nolte<\/span><\/p>\n

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Haroldo Ventura, chief of Uni\u00f3n Puerto Ash\u00e1ninka, points to an old community map. \/ Musuk Nolte<\/span><\/p>\n

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This sunny Saturday in May, Potsoteni prepares to celebrate Mother’s Day and the anniversary of the community. The sun, with its yellow harpoons, burns the necks. The clouds rest on the green mountains like giant cotton animals. Angel Pedro is right now in the middle of his work with other community members, also members of the self-defense committee, cutting with machetes the weeds that have been accumulating at the village entrance. They need the road cleaned so they can pass some sheets of technopop and calamine that they will use to build concrete houses for a state social program next to the wooden cabins.<\/span><\/p>\n

“We have concrete houses, but there is no drinking water, sewage, or internet for our children to study. We have some shotguns given to us during the Shining Path era to defend ourselves, but now they are no longer useful. They are obsolete,” says CARE’s president. “If it weren’t for our organization, for our strength, they would have disappeared us by now.”<\/span><\/p>\n

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An Ash\u00e1ninka woman practices Shimpokantantantsiro, healing through the steam of plants: placed in a container with water, they raise steam on contact with incandescent stones. The patient standing on the vessel receives the smoke inside a Kushma. At the same time, the steamer and the patient should rub the painful parts to expel the damage from his body. \/ Musuk Nolte<\/span><\/p>\n

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“Here there is not one hundred percent peace,” says Aroldo Ventura, 47 years old, president of the Uni\u00f3n Puerto Ash\u00e1ninka community, located in the lower Ene Valley, where some 500 families live. This morning Aroldo gives orders and dismisses a troop of young men, members of the self-defense committee. With their brown cushmas, faces painted with achiote, and a pair of hunting shotguns, spears, and arrows, they walk through the bush patrolling the community’s territory. The committees are made up, for the most part, of men over 18 years of age in each community. Without exception. Almost like compulsory military service. Today, following the tradition of their fathers and grandfathers, they continue to guard their territory. Although they no longer face the terror deployed by Shining Path, they know that there are still dangers they must face.<\/span><\/p>\n

The self-defense committees have evolved in their functions: they are now in charge of maintaining internal order in the Ashaninka villages. They intervene in disputes between neighbors (cases of rape, robbery, and family violence). Watch over the entry of outsiders (invasion of settlers, generally, or the passage of “backpackers” or traffickers crossing the river in boats). Stop the advance of forest fires (using drones), and resist the pressures of coca leaf drug traffickers (where money, sometimes, tends to break wills).<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” admin_label=”Fila quote” module_class=”vst-cnt-img-x2″ _builder_version=”4.15″ _module_preset=”default” width=”100%” max_width=”1920px” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|50px|0px|50px|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”|25px||25px|false|false” custom_padding_phone=”|20px||20px|false|false” collapsed=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.15″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text module_class=”vst-quote” _builder_version=”4.15.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin_tablet=”” custom_margin_phone=”” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_padding=”||||false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”” custom_padding_phone=”” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

“The coca growers of the Vraem, seeing that there is no more land to cultivate, invade our territories, cut down the trees and plant their coca,” says Am\u00e9rico Salcedo, president of the Self-Defense Committees. “But then, with so many chemicals, the land is no longer good for anything. Then they invade more indigenous territory, so it’s like a circle that never ends.”<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

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“The coca growers of the Vraem, seeing no more land to cultivate, invade our territories, cut down the trees and plant their coca. And there you can have two or three harvests, but then with so many chemicals, the land is no longer good for anything, with no nutrients. Then they go out to invade more indigenous territory, and it’s like a circle that never ends,” explains Am\u00e9rico Salcedo, president of the Committees, who knows firsthand how these mafias operate. “I have seen it. No one has told me. But the Peruvian state authorities don’t seem to think so.”<\/span><\/p>\n

In a document sent to CARE in 2021, the Armed Forces stationed in the Ene River valley prioritize the protection of the highlands, closer to the Vraem jungle, where there is a higher level of action by drug trafficking groups and their allies, the terrorist remnants. However, the danger is far from over for Ash\u00e1ninka communities in that part of the valley – such as Osherato, Uni\u00f3n Puerto Ash\u00e1ninka, and Potsoteni.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Agustin Rojas is the chief of Osherato, one of the first communities in the northern part of the Ene River. In recent months, this and other communities have strengthened their self-defense committees in the face of increasing conflicts with invaders, timber traffickers and drug traffickers. \/ Musuk Nolte<\/span><\/p>\n

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“Today, the military in the area says that the committees should be deactivated because they don’t have an updated registry or updated resolution. But the law does not say that,” explains Irup\u00e9 Ca\u00f1ari, CARE’s legal advisor, adding that several communities could not meet these requirements because of the isolation they had to abide by due to the pandemic. “In addition, they had no internet to send their reports and no fuel to navigate upriver for eight hours to the nearest military base. It was hard work to make the Armed Forces understand that. The self-defense committees continue to exist legally as long as there is a state of emergency in that area. Only when the State of emergency is changed to a State of law, when there are no longer hostile groups, the self-defense committees are deactivated. That is what the decree says.<\/span><\/p>\n

It was only in the middle of 2021, in the context of the massacre of the Vizcat\u00e1n del Ene community, with the multiple murder of some community members – allegedly perpetrated by remnants of Shining Path, although the case is still under investigation – that the Armed Forces decided to stop the deactivation of the Ashaninka self-defense committees. Today, the entire Vraem area remains in a state of emergency. And the Ashaninka leaders are in danger.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” admin_label=”Fila 50-50″ module_class=”vst-cnt-img-x2″ _builder_version=”4.15″ _module_preset=”default” width=”100%” max_width=”1920px” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|50px|0px|50px|false|true” custom_padding_tablet=”|25px||25px|false|true” custom_padding_phone=”|20px||20px|false|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.15″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.15″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_code admin_label=”Imagen Esp” module_class=”vst-cnt-img” _builder_version=”4.15″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_code][et_pb_text admin_label=”Pie de foto” _builder_version=”4.15.1″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#6e6e6e” text_font_size=”13px” text_letter_spacing=”0.16px” text_orientation=”right” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”10px|0px|15px|0px|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”||10px||false|false” custom_padding_phone=”|20px|5px||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” hover_enabled=”0″ custom_css_main_element=”font-weight:400;” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

Elio Sebasti\u00e1n (16) and Karen R\u00edos (15) are married. They received a small lot in the Boca Anapate community where they will build their house. \/ Musuk Nolte<\/span><\/p>\n

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Global Witness indicates that Peru is among the ten most dangerous areas for land and water defenders. And Ashaninka leaders, as was the case during the time of the subversion, continue to be among the most attacked and criminalized. In 2013, for example, two assassins killed Mauro P\u00edo – historical leader of the Ash\u00e1ninka people – by shooting him from their motorcycles. P\u00edo had been demanding for twenty years the titling of his land and the expulsion of the forestry company invading his community. In 2014, timber traffickers shot and killed Ash\u00e1ninka leader Edwin Chota and his three companions in the jungle on the Brazilian border. For 12 years, he had been demanding that the State help him protect his forest from depredation. Only after his death did the authorities heed his demands. More than 80 Peruvians (primarily indigenous) were killed for similar reasons during the first two decades of this century. The figure only records known cases.<\/span><\/p>\n

“The greatest danger we feel is that the State, who is supposed to defend us, betrays us,” Ruth Buend\u00eda, a renowned Ash\u00e1ninka leader and winner of the Goldman Prize, the Green Nobel, awarded to environmental leaders on five continents, once told me. She confronted the Brazilian company Odebrecht to prevent the construction of a dam on indigenous lands. “They leave us to our fate at the hands of criminals.”<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

New leadership<\/b><\/p>\n

The new generations of Ash\u00e1ninka, young people in their 20s and 30s, children and grandchildren of the leaders who were exterminated or banished during the war against Shining Path, are clear that they cannot remain with their hands outstretched, waiting for the State to come to their aid.<\/span><\/p>\n

“We have already waited too long,” says Florinda Yumiquiri, 28, mother of two children and a baby due in a few weeks. Standing under the shade of a tree, the secretary of the Osherato (“crab”) community and treasurer of CARE says that is why women are now also part of the self-defense committees.<\/span><\/p>\n

“Times have changed. Now I can’t, but the younger women also go out on patrol to whip those who come to invade our territory,” says Florinda, referring to the Ash\u00e1ninka custom of whipping a “bad guy” with nettle branches, long like whips. Thus, she says, a few years ago, they managed to expel a group of settlers (“Choris”) who wanted to appropriate a sector of the community’s forest. Only after a trial that lasted almost a decade were they able to end this problem by obtaining their land title in 2018. This is not the only case.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Kirenia is 15 years old and already the mother of an almost one-year-old boy. When she became pregnant by her partner, she dropped out of school and dedicated herself to raising her child. In the Ash\u00e1ninka communities, sexual life begins in adolescence, although in recent years more young people are seeking to postpone motherhood after completing their studies. \/ Musuk Nollte<\/span><\/p>\n

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Although they have inhabited their territories for generations, more than 600 indigenous communities – half of all those in the Peruvian jungle – are still not the legal owners of their lands. A World Resources Institute study in fifteen countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, shows that legalizing an indigenous territory is highly complex, costly, and slow. Families often abandon their land or lose their water, medicinal plants, or food rights. While communities face processes that can take more than 30 years, companies applying for concessions on these same lands usually obtain them in only 30 days, or at most five years. Indigenous peoples and rural communities occupy more than half of the world’s land but legally own only 10 percent of the world’s land.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” admin_label=”Fila quote” module_class=”vst-cnt-img-x2″ _builder_version=”4.15″ _module_preset=”default” width=”100%” max_width=”1920px” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|50px|0px|50px|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”|25px||25px|false|false” custom_padding_phone=”|20px||20px|false|false” collapsed=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.15″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text module_class=”vst-quote” _builder_version=”4.15.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin_tablet=”” custom_margin_phone=”” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_padding=”||||false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”” custom_padding_phone=”” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

Peru is among the ten most dangerous areas for land and water defenders. And Ash\u00e1ninka leaders, as was the case during the war against Shining Path, continue to be the most targeted and criminalized. In 2014, timber traffickers murdered leader Edwin Chota on the border with Brazil. For 12 years, he had been demanding that the state help him protect his forest from depredation.<\/strong><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.15″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_4,3_4″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” admin_label=”Fila-regular” _builder_version=”4.15″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”RGBA(0,0,0,0)” width=”100%” max_width=”1920px” module_alignment=”center” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”” custom_margin_phone=”” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”0px|50px|60px|50px|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”0px|50px|60px|25px|false|false” custom_padding_phone=”0px|20px|60px|20px|false|false” border_radii=”off||||” collapsed=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.15″ _module_preset=”default” background_enable_color=”off” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”” custom_padding_phone=”” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”3_4″ _builder_version=”4.15″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”|0px||0px|false|false” custom_padding_phone=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text module_class=”vst-p” _builder_version=”4.15″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”50px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n

In the Ene Valley, one of the communities that have suffered the most from the destruction of its territory at the hands of coca growers is Catungo Quempiri, located in the district of R\u00edo Tambo in the province of Satipo, in Jun\u00edn. This community borders the Cusco region and, since 2018, began to denounce the presence of invading settlers to plant coca leaves. According to CARE’s legal advisor, ten complaints for illegally logging Catungo Quempiri forests have been registered with the Specialized Environmental Prosecutor’s Office. As of December 2021, 1,962 hectares have been deforested by the advance of coca cultivation and other illegal activities in this area.<\/span><\/p>\n

Clementina Shinquireri, the first chief of Catungo Quempiri, heads this community. Her father, who was the founder of the community she now leads and who actively participated in obtaining the land title in 1999, was assassinated by the Shining Path. Now, she, too, is threatened by terrorist remnants.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_4,3_4″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” admin_label=”Fila-regular 10-90″ _builder_version=”4.15″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”RGBA(0,0,0,0)” width=”100%” max_width=”1920px” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”” custom_margin_phone=”” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_padding=”0px|50px|0px|50px|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”0px|25px|0px|25px|false|false” custom_padding_phone=”0px|20px|0px|20px|false|false” border_radii=”off||||” collapsed=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.15″ _module_preset=”default” background_enable_color=”off” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”” custom_padding_phone=”” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_css_main_element=”width:10%!important;” pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”3_4″ _builder_version=”4.15″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”|0px||0px|false|false” custom_padding_phone=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” custom_css_main_element=”width:90%!important;” pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” custom_css_main_element_last_edited=”on|tablet” custom_css_main_element_tablet=”width:100%!important;” custom_css_main_element_phone=”width:100%!important;”][et_pb_code admin_label=”Imagen Esp” module_class=”vst-cnt-img” _builder_version=”4.15.1″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″][\/et_pb_code][et_pb_text admin_label=”Pie de foto” _builder_version=”4.15.1″ _module_preset=”default” text_text_color=”#6e6e6e” text_font_size=”13px” text_letter_spacing=”0.16px” text_orientation=”right” custom_margin=”0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” custom_padding=”10px|0px|15px|0px|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”||10px||false|false” custom_padding_phone=”|20px|5px||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” hover_enabled=”0″ custom_css_main_element=”font-weight:400;” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

Florinda Yomiquiri, secretary of CARE. Potsoteni, Ene river. \/ Musuk Nolte<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_4,3_4″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” admin_label=”Fila-regular” _builder_version=”4.15″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”RGBA(0,0,0,0)” width=”100%” max_width=”1920px” module_alignment=”center” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”” custom_margin_phone=”” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”0px|50px|60px|50px|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”0px|50px|60px|25px|false|false” custom_padding_phone=”0px|20px|60px|20px|false|false” border_radii=”off||||” collapsed=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”4.15″ _module_preset=”default” background_enable_color=”off” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”” custom_padding_phone=”” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”3_4″ _builder_version=”4.15″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”|0px||0px|false|false” custom_padding_phone=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text module_class=”vst-p” _builder_version=”4.15.1″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”50px||||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n

Although they have inhabited their territories for generations, more than 600 indigenous communities – half of all those in the Peruvian jungle – are still not the legal owners of their lands. A World Resources Institute study in fifteen countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, shows that legalizing an indigenous territory is extremely complex, costly, and slow. Families often abandon their land or lose their water, medicinal plants, or food rights. While communities face processes that can take more than 30 years, companies applying for concessions on these same lands usually obtain them in only 30 days, or at most five years. Indigenous peoples and rural communities occupy more than half of the world’s land but legally own only 10 percent of the world’s land.<\/span><\/p>\n

Peru is among the ten most dangerous areas for land and water defenders. And Ash\u00e1ninka leaders, as was the case during the war against Shining Path, continue to be the most targeted and criminalized. In 2014, timber traffickers murdered leader Edwin Chota on the border with Brazil. For 12 years, he had been demanding that the state help him protect his forest from depredation.<\/span><\/p>\n

In the Ene Valley, one of the communities that have suffered the most from the destruction of its territory at the hands of coca growers is Catungo Quempiri, located in the district of R\u00edo Tambo in the province of Satipo, in Jun\u00edn. This community borders the Cusco region and, since 2018, began to denounce the presence of invading settlers to plant coca leaves. According to CARE’s legal advisor, ten complaints for illegally logging Catungo Quempiri forests have been registered with the Specialized Environmental Prosecutor’s Office. As of December 2021, 1,962 hectares have been deforested due to the advance of coca cultivation and other illegal activities in this area.<\/span><\/p>\n

This community is headed by Clementina Shinquireri, the first chief of Catungo Quempiri. Her father, who was the founder of the community she now leads and who actively participated in obtaining the land title in 1999, was assassinated by the Shining Path. Now, she, too, is threatened by terrorist remnants.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Hence, for Angel Pedro, president of CARE, the self-defense committees constitute the first line of defense against a sluggish State. “When there is an emergency, the military takes a month or two months to arrive. On the other hand, here, as community members, we are the ones who rise quickly to defend our territory”.<\/span><\/p>\n

On April 20 of this year, the murder of Ulises Rumiche Quintimari, who was found dead on the Naylamp road in Sonomoro, was a reminder of the vulnerability in which these communities remain. The Nomatsiguenga indigenous leader and manager of Indigenous Peoples in the district municipality of Pangoa (province of Satipo, to which the Ashaninka lands of the Ene belong) was shot in the head and killed. So far, there is no progress in the investigation, according to the relatives.<\/span><\/p>\n

Also, the Government’s response has not been the most adequate. Last Thursday, May 26, a decentralized session of ministers was to be held in Satipo; however, the Government canceled it. CARE rejected the postponement of this meeting in which they hoped to expose the insecurity in which their communities live.<\/span><\/p>\n

“We already have it clear: this is already installed in the organization of the native communities,” says Angel Pedro, who once wanted to be a policeman to avenge the death of his father, Pastor Bendito. “So no matter how much they want to deactivate us and take away their State weapons that are already obsolete, we will continue, even with our bows and arrows, we will defend ourselves.”<\/span><\/p>\n

*This report was made with the support of the National Geographic Society and was initially published in NatGeo en Espa\u00f1ol in September 2022.<\/b><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t<\/svg><\/a>\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t<\/svg><\/a>\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t<\/g>\n\t<\/svg><\/a>The Ashaninka – the most prominent indigenous nation in the Peruvian Amazon – have been organizing for generations to defend their territory. They call themselves Ovayerii: warriors. In the years of the war against the Shining Path, these groups – recognized by law as Self-Defense Committees – defeated terrorism in the Vraem jungle. 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_builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"100%\" min_height=\"2px\" height=\"2px\" max_height=\"2px\" custom_padding=\"15px||15px||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_code admin_label=\"Social\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][vist_social_buttons][\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_text admin_label=\"T\u00edtulo\" module_class=\"vsp-titulo-top\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _dynamic_attributes=\"content\" _module_preset=\"default\" height=\"100%\" custom_padding_tablet=\"50px|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"40px|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|tablet\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF90aXRsZSIsInNldHRpbmdzIjp7ImJlZm9yZSI6IjxoMT4iLCJhZnRlciI6IjwvaDE+In19@[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.15.1\" _module_preset=\"default\" text_font_size=\"23px\" text_line_height=\"28px\" custom_padding=\"50px||50px||false|false\" locked=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]\n\nLos ash\u00e1ninkas \u2014la naci\u00f3n ind\u00edgena m\u00e1s numerosa de la Amazon\u00eda peruana\u2014 se han organizado desde hace generaciones para defender su territorio. Se llaman a s\u00ed mismos ovayerii<\/i>: guerreros. En los a\u00f1os de la guerra contra Sendero Luminoso, estos grupos \u2014reconocidos por la ley como Comit\u00e9s de Autodefensa\u2014 derrotaron al terrorismo en la selva del Vraem. Hoy, pese a la indiferencia del Estado, \u201cel ej\u00e9rcito ash\u00e1ninka\u201d resiste frente al narcotr\u00e1fico, los madereros ilegales y los invasores de tierras. Para ellos, la paz sigue bajo amenaza.<\/span>\n\nPor Joseph Z\u00e1rate<\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"50px||50px||false|false\" locked=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]\n\nLo llamaban Bendito. <\/span>\n\nEra un joven alto y robusto como un tronco, pastor de una peque\u00f1a iglesia evang\u00e9lica, cuyas palabras eran tan en\u00e9rgicas y seductoras que pudo convertir a decenas de ash\u00e1ninkas c\u00f3mo \u00e9l en cristianos. Pero en la comunidad nativa de Potsoteni, donde hab\u00eda nacido y crecido al igual que sus antepasados, Bendito no logr\u00f3 convencer a los militantes de Sendero Luminoso de cambiar el camino de las armas por el perd\u00f3n. Para los terroristas \u2014muchos de ellos profesores o agricultores tambi\u00e9n ash\u00e1ninkas\u2014 el \u00fanico modo de abandonar esa vida de pobreza, ese \u201cabandono hist\u00f3rico\u201d del Estado peruano, era tomando el poder a trav\u00e9s de \u201cla guerra popular\u201d. <\/span>\n\nTodo aquel que se opusiera a ese proyecto era un enemigo y deb\u00eda ser exterminado. Degollado. Ahorcado. Apedreado. Morir con un balazo en la cabeza.<\/span>\n\nBendito vio c\u00f3mo asesinaron a las autoridades de Potsoteni, c\u00f3mo las familias aceptaban unirse a las filas del Partido por miedo. Entonces una noche a mediados de 1990, cuando en una fiesta los mandos terroristas se emborracharon, el joven pastor, junto a sus dos mujeres, sus hijos peque\u00f1os y un grupo de 30 familias aprovecharon para huir en la hora m\u00e1s oscura de la noche. Navegaron en canoas por el poderoso Ene, ocho horas r\u00edo abajo, sin detenerse, hasta llegar a Poyeni, otra comunidad en la cuenca del r\u00edo Tambo, fuera del alcance de Sendero. Desde ese d\u00eda, aquel pastor de 25 a\u00f1os \u2014que en ese tiempo a\u00fan se llamaba Alejandro Pedro Chubiante\u2014 cambi\u00f3 su nombre por el que hoy todos los ash\u00e1ninkas lo recuerdan. Quiso proteger a su familia, aunque le sirvi\u00f3 muy poco: un par de a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s, en una emboscada mientras cosechaba yuca, unos terroristas lo asesinaron a pedradas.<\/span>\n\n\u201cEsa historia nunca me la olvido, pero no me victimizo porque ha muerto mi padre\u201d, me dice \u00c1ngel Pedro Valerio, hijo menor de Bendito, entonces un beb\u00e9 abrazado a la falda de su madre, la noche de la huida. \u201cLos ash\u00e1ninkas recordamos para que esa tragedia no vuelva a pasar\u201d.<\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Img full\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img-x1\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_code admin_label=\"Imagen Esp\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\"][imagen_nota id=\"\"][\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Img full\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img-x1\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Pie de foto\" _builder_version=\"4.15.1\" _module_preset=\"default\" text_text_color=\"#6e6e6e\" text_font_size=\"13px\" text_letter_spacing=\"0.16px\" text_orientation=\"right\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding=\"10px|0px|15px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"||10px||false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"|20px|5px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_css_main_element=\"font-weight:400;\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]\n\nComit\u00e9 de autodefensa de la comunidad Uni\u00f3n Puerto Ash\u00e1ninka, R\u00edo Ene. \/  Musuk Nolte <\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,3_4\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila-regular\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" custom_margin=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|60px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|25px|0px|25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|0px|20px|false|false\" border_radii=\"off||||\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_enable_color=\"off\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_text module_class=\"vst-p\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"50px||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]\n\nAunque las im\u00e1genes que conserva de su padre son demasiado borrosas, \u00c1ngel Pedro dice que ha conservado su legado. En unos meses tendr\u00e1 la edad de Jesucristo y a la vez cumplir\u00e1 el sexto a\u00f1o trabajando como presidente de la Central Ash\u00e1ninka del R\u00edo Ene (CARE), creada en 1993 para organizar a esta naci\u00f3n ind\u00edgena \u2014la m\u00e1s numerosa de la selva peruana\u2014 en el proceso de repoblar las tierras que hab\u00edan sido tomadas por el terrorismo a fines del siglo XX.<\/span>\n\nEl pueblo ash\u00e1ninka fue la naci\u00f3n amaz\u00f3nica m\u00e1s castigada por la guerra entre las Fuerzas Armadas y Sendero Luminoso, seg\u00fan el informe final de la Comisi\u00f3n de la Verdad y Reconciliaci\u00f3n: m\u00e1s de 30 comunidades desaparecieron, unos 10 mil ind\u00edgenas fueron desplazados, cinco mil secuestrados y seis mil asesinados, cerca del 10 por ciento del total de muertes registradas. <\/span>\n\nLos primeros senderistas en llegar al Ene, a mediados de los ochenta, lo hicieron junto con grupos de colonos que se dedicaron al cultivo de hoja de coca y que se hab\u00edan asentado en la margen izquierda del r\u00edo. Su prop\u00f3sito: controlar la selva central, luego de enfrentar a los militares en Ayacucho, sierra sur del pa\u00eds. Los terroristas saqueaban las chacras, quemaban postas m\u00e9dicas y oficinas municipales. Levantaban campamentos de trabajo forzoso en la espesura del bosque donde ten\u00edan cautivos a cientos de ash\u00e1ninkas por meses. Los obligaban a trabajar la tierra, a cocinar para los mandos terroristas, a abandonar su lengua para hablar quechua o espa\u00f1ol. Acuchillaban o ahorcaban a los rebeldes delante de sus familias. Violaban a las mujeres. Secuestraban a los ni\u00f1os entre los 10 y 15 a\u00f1os para adoctrinarlos y convertirlos en combatientes.<\/span> <\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,3_4\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila-regular 10-90\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" custom_margin=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|0px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|25px|0px|25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|0px|20px|false|false\" border_radii=\"off||||\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_enable_color=\"off\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_css_main_element=\"width:10%!important;\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_css_main_element=\"width:90%!important;\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_code admin_label=\"Imagen Esp\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\"][imagen_nota id=\"\"][\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,3_4\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila-regular\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" module_alignment=\"center\" custom_margin=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|phone\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|60px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|50px|60px|25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|60px|20px|false|false\" border_radii=\"off||||\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_enable_color=\"off\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Pie de foto\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" text_text_color=\"#6e6e6e\" text_font_size=\"13px\" text_letter_spacing=\"0.16px\" text_orientation=\"right\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding=\"10px|0px|15px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"||10px||false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"|20px|5px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_css_main_element=\"font-weight:400;\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]\n\nMujer ash\u00e1ninka con un machete en la comunidad Kimaropitari. El machete es una de las principales herramientas en las chacras, para abrir camino en la maleza, pelar pescado, entre otros usos. \/ Musuk Nolte <\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text module_class=\"vst-p\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"50px||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]\n\nEn esa misma \u00e9poca se desat\u00f3 el <\/span>boom<\/span><\/i> del tr\u00e1fico de coca\u00edna en el valle del Ene. La econom\u00eda local cambi\u00f3 r\u00e1pidamente y estimul\u00f3 la apropiaci\u00f3n de tierras. Las, hasta entonces, apacibles pistas de aterrizaje de las misiones religiosas se volvieron muy activas. Y aparecieron colombianos. Les pidieron a los ash\u00e1ninkas que abandonaran el cacao para dedicarse a la m\u00e1s lucrativa coca. Hubo quienes aceptaron, otros que no.<\/span>\n\nCientos de ash\u00e1ninkas como Bendito y las familias de Potsoteni huyeron al monte o por el r\u00edo. Aunque a un alto costo. Algunas personas tuvieron que dejar atr\u00e1s a sus familiares m\u00e1s d\u00e9biles o peque\u00f1os. Tem\u00edan ser encontrados por los comandos de aniquilamiento. Los jefes de las comunidades, sin embargo, sab\u00edan que no pod\u00edan seguir huyendo para siempre.<\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_2,1_2\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" admin_label=\"Fila quote\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img-x2\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|0px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|25px||25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"|20px||20px|false|false\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_2\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_text module_class=\"vst-quote\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]\n\n\u201cTenemos casas de concreto, pero no hay agua potable ni desag\u00fce ni internet para que puedan estudiar nuestros ni\u00f1os\u201d, dice \u00c1ngel Pedro, l\u00edder ash\u00e1ninka. \u201cTenemos unas escopetas que nos dieron para defendernos de Sendero, pero ahora ya ni sirven, est\u00e1n obsoletas. Si no fuera por nuestra organizaci\u00f3n, por nuestra propia fuerza, ya nos hubieran desaparecido\u201d.<\/b>\n\n<\/b>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_2\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,3_4\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila-regular 10-90\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" custom_margin=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|0px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|25px|0px|25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|0px|20px|false|false\" border_radii=\"off||||\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_enable_color=\"off\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_css_main_element=\"width:10%!important;\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_css_main_element=\"width:90%!important;\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_css_main_element_last_edited=\"on|tablet\" custom_css_main_element_tablet=\"width:100%!important;\" custom_css_main_element_phone=\"width:100%!important;\"][et_pb_code admin_label=\"Imagen Esp\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\"][imagen_nota id=\"\"][\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,3_4\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila-regular\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" custom_margin=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|60px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|25px|0px|25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|0px|20px|false|false\" border_radii=\"off||||\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_enable_color=\"off\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Pie de foto\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" text_text_color=\"#6e6e6e\" text_font_size=\"13px\" text_letter_spacing=\"0.16px\" text_orientation=\"right\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding=\"10px|0px|15px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"||10px||false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"|20px|5px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_css_main_element=\"font-weight:400;\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]\n\nMiembros del comit\u00e9 de autodefensa de Osherato patrullan la comunidad. Hace unos meses atraparon una embarcaci\u00f3n que transportaba droga, algo habitual en la cuenca del r\u00edo Ene. \/ Musuk Nolte<\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text module_class=\"vst-p\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"50px||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]\n\nLa hu\u00edda, el combate, el retorno<\/b>\n\nA diferencia de otros pueblos amaz\u00f3nicos que conquistan territorios, los ash\u00e1ninkas son guerreros defensivos: cuando son atacados, cuando invaden sus tierras, tienen la reputaci\u00f3n de ser los guerreros m\u00e1s fieros \u2014los mejores con el arco y la flecha\u2014 de las 51 naciones amaz\u00f3nicas que existen en el Per\u00fa. De ah\u00ed que, luego del golpe inicial de Sendero en el valle del Ene, la poblaci\u00f3n ash\u00e1ninka se organiz\u00f3 sin esperar la ayuda del Estado peruano.<\/span>\n\nDurante generaciones los ash\u00e1ninkas han formado grupos especializados en protegerse de las amenazas. Les llaman <\/span>ovayerii<\/span><\/i>: guerreros. En su libro <\/span>Rondas campesinas y nativas de la Amazon\u00eda peruana<\/span><\/i>, el antrop\u00f3logo \u00d3scar Espinosa explica que estos grupos constituyen una pr\u00e1ctica tradicional a la que los ash\u00e1ninka se han visto obligados a recurrir en distintos momentos de la historia, cuando han tenido que defender sus tierras o sus vidas. Esta tradici\u00f3n fue reactivada frente a la situaci\u00f3n de violencia terrorista.<\/span>\n\nA comienzos de los noventa, cuando la guerra contra Sendero era m\u00e1s sangrienta, los ash\u00e1ninkas del valle de los r\u00edos Ene y Tambo se organizaron en lo que hoy se recuerda como el ej\u00e9rcito ash\u00e1ninka: un batall\u00f3n de guerreros ind\u00edgenas armados con escopetas, arcos y flechas que hac\u00edan asaltos sorpresivos a los campamentos senderistas. Para ello, los ronderos nativos apelaron a la tradici\u00f3n de guerreros de sus abuelos.<\/span>\n\n<\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_2,1_2\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila 50-50\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img-x2\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|0px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|25px||25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"|20px||20px|false|false\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_2\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|10px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|5px|||false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"|0px|||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_css_main_element_last_edited=\"on|desktop\"][et_pb_code admin_label=\"Imagen Esp\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\"][imagen_nota id=\"\"][\/et_pb_code][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Pie de foto\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" text_text_color=\"#6e6e6e\" text_font_size=\"13px\" text_letter_spacing=\"0.16px\" text_orientation=\"right\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding=\"10px|0px|15px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"||10px||false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"|20px|5px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_css_main_element=\"font-weight:400;\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]\n\nEl masato es una bebida de yuca fermentada con saliva y camote. Su consumo es vital en las relaciones sociales y es fuente de alimento de varios pueblos de la Amazon\u00eda, como los ash\u00e1ninkas.  \/ Musuk Nolte<\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_2\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|0px|0px|10px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|||5px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"|||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|tablet\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_code admin_label=\"Imagen Esp\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\"][imagen_nota id=\"\"][\/et_pb_code][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Pie de foto\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" text_text_color=\"#6e6e6e\" text_font_size=\"13px\" text_letter_spacing=\"0.16px\" text_orientation=\"right\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding=\"10px|0px|15px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"||10px||false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"|20px|5px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_css_main_element=\"font-weight:400;\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]\n\nCarin Bendita Bardales vive en la comunidad de Kempiri con su familia, luego de pasar una temporada en un noshiro. \/ Musuk Nolte<\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,3_4\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila-regular\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" module_alignment=\"center\" custom_margin=\"0px|auto|2px|auto|false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|phone\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|60px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|50px|60px|25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|60px|20px|false|false\" border_radii=\"off||||\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_enable_color=\"off\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_text module_class=\"vst-p\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"50px||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]\n\nAs\u00ed, todos los varones adultos pasaron a conformar los \u201ccomit\u00e9 de autodefensa\u201d o CADs, legalizados en 1991 durante el r\u00e9gimen de Alberto Fujimori. \u201cGracias a nosotros es que los militares han vencido\u201d, cuenta Am\u00e9rico Salcedo, 35 a\u00f1os, presidente del comit\u00e9 de autodefensa del valle del Ene, que cubre unas 56 comunidades con sus anexos, desde Osherato hasta Catungo-Qempiri. Su padre fue asesinado por Sendero y su cuerpo arrojado al r\u00edo. \u201cFujimori no ha querido enfrentarse cien por ciento. Los militares han entregado el armamento a nuestros hermanos para que ellos nom\u00e1s se enfrenten, como carne de ca\u00f1\u00f3n. Para ir a morir. Y esa tambi\u00e9n es parte de la verdad\u201d.<\/span>\n\nPara 1994, las comunidades del Ene como las de Potsoteni, decidieron volver a reconquistar los territorios, en coordinaci\u00f3n con las Fuerzas Armadas. Potsoteni (\u201cr\u00edo rojo\u201d en lengua ash\u00e1ninka) fue de las primeras comunidades que volvieron al valle.<\/span>\n\n\u201cEmboscadas hac\u00edamos a los terrucos. Poquito a poquito abrimos chacra, para vivir de nuevo en este territorio\u201d, cuenta Toribio Valerio, antiguo dirigente ash\u00e1ninka, que organiz\u00f3 el regreso de su comunidad luego de que su t\u00edo Bendito fuera asesinado por Sendero. Hoy, m\u00e1s de 30 a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s, desde la tranquilidad de su vejez, Toribio vive con su mujer, sus cuatro hijos mayores, sus m\u00faltiples nietos, integrado a esta comunidad de m\u00e1s de 500 familias, en un territorio que supera las 10 mil canchas de f\u00fatbol juntas.<\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_2,1_2\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila 50-50\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img-x2\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|0px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|25px||25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"|20px||20px|false|false\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_2\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|10px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|5px|||false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"|0px|||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_css_main_element_last_edited=\"on|desktop\"][et_pb_code admin_label=\"Imagen Esp\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\"][imagen_nota id=\"15160\"][\/et_pb_code][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Pie de foto\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" text_text_color=\"#6e6e6e\" text_font_size=\"13px\" text_letter_spacing=\"0.16px\" text_orientation=\"right\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding=\"10px|0px|15px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"||10px||false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"|20px|5px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_css_main_element=\"font-weight:400;\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]\n\nUnas ni\u00f1as preparan la actuaci\u00f3n por el D\u00eda de la Madre en la comunidad de Potsoteni, r\u00edo Ene. \/ Musuk Nolte<\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Pie de foto\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" text_text_color=\"#6e6e6e\" text_font_size=\"13px\" text_letter_spacing=\"0.16px\" text_orientation=\"right\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding=\"10px|0px|15px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"||10px||false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"|20px|5px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_css_main_element=\"font-weight:400;\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_2\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|0px|0px|10px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|||5px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"|||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|tablet\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_code admin_label=\"Imagen Esp\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\"][imagen_nota id=\"\"][\/et_pb_code][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Pie de foto\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" text_text_color=\"#6e6e6e\" text_font_size=\"13px\" text_letter_spacing=\"0.16px\" text_orientation=\"right\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding=\"10px|0px|15px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"||10px||false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"|20px|5px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_css_main_element=\"font-weight:400;\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]\n\nHaroldo Ventura, jefe de Uni\u00f3n Puerto Ash\u00e1ninka, se\u00f1ala un viejo mapa de la comunidad \/ Musuk Nolte<\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,3_4\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila-regular\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" module_alignment=\"center\" custom_margin=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|phone\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|60px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|50px|60px|25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|60px|20px|false|false\" border_radii=\"off||||\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_enable_color=\"off\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_text module_class=\"vst-p\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"50px||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]\n\nEste s\u00e1bado soleado de mayo, Potsoteni se prepara para celebrar el D\u00eda de la Madre y el aniversario de la comunidad. El sol con sus arpones amarillos quema las nucas. Las nubes descansan sobre las monta\u00f1as verdes como gigantescos animales de algod\u00f3n. \u00c1ngel Pedro est\u00e1 ahora mismo en plena faena con otros comuneros, miembros tambi\u00e9n del comit\u00e9 de autodefensa, cortando a machetazos la mala hierba que se ha ido acumulando en la entrada de la aldea. Necesitan el camino limpio para que pasen unas planchas de tecnopor y calaminas que van a usar para construir unas casas de concreto de un programa social del Estado, al lado de las caba\u00f1as de madera.<\/span>\n\n\u201cTenemos casas de concreto, pero no hay agua potable ni desag\u00fce ni internet para que puedan estudiar nuestros ni\u00f1os. Tenemos unas escopetas que nos dieron en la \u00e9poca de Sendero para defendernos, pero ahora ya ni sirven, est\u00e1n obsoletas\u201d, dice el presidente de CARE. \u201cSi no fuera por nuestra propia organizaci\u00f3n, por nuestra propia fuerza, ya nos hubieran desaparecido\u201d.<\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,3_4\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila-regular 10-90\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" custom_margin=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|0px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|25px|0px|25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|0px|20px|false|false\" border_radii=\"off||||\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_enable_color=\"off\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_css_main_element=\"width:10%!important;\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_css_main_element=\"width:90%!important;\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_css_main_element_last_edited=\"on|tablet\" custom_css_main_element_tablet=\"width:100%!important;\" custom_css_main_element_phone=\"width:100%!important;\"][et_pb_code admin_label=\"Imagen Esp\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\"][imagen_nota id=\"\"][\/et_pb_code][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Pie de foto\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" text_text_color=\"#6e6e6e\" text_font_size=\"13px\" text_letter_spacing=\"0.16px\" text_orientation=\"right\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding=\"10px|0px|15px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"||10px||false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"|20px|5px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_css_main_element=\"font-weight:400;\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]\n\nUna mujer ash\u00e1ninka practica el shimpokantantantsiro, curaci\u00f3n a trav\u00e9s del vapor de plantas: colocadas en un recipiente con agua, elevan vapor al contacto con piedras incandescentes. El paciente parado sobre el recipiente recibe el vapor dentro de una kushma. Al mismo tiempo, la vaporeadora y el paciente deben sobar las partes adoloridas para expulsar el da\u00f1o de su cuerpo. \/ Musuk Nolte<\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,3_4\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila-regular\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" module_alignment=\"center\" custom_margin=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|phone\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|60px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|50px|60px|25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|60px|20px|false|false\" border_radii=\"off||||\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_enable_color=\"off\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_text module_class=\"vst-p\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"50px||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]\n\n\u201cAc\u00e1 no hay paz al cien por ciento\u201d, dice Aroldo Ventura, 47 a\u00f1os, presidente de la comunidad Uni\u00f3n Puerto Ash\u00e1ninka, ubicada en la parte baja del valle del Ene, donde viven unas 500 familias. Esta ma\u00f1ana Aroldo da \u00f3rdenes y despide a una tropa de j\u00f3venes, miembros del comit\u00e9 de autodefensa. Con sus cushmas marrones, caras pintadas con achiote, un par de escopetas de caza, lanzas y flechas, caminan el monte patrullando el territorio de la comunidad. Los comit\u00e9s los conforman, en su mayor\u00eda, hombres mayores de 18 a\u00f1os en cada comunidad. Sin excepci\u00f3n. Casi como un servicio militar obligatorio. Hoy, siguiendo la tradici\u00f3n de sus padres y abuelos, siguen vigilando su territorio. Aunque ya no se enfrentan al terror desplegado por Sendero Luminoso, saben que siguen habiendo peligros que deben enfrentar.<\/span>\n<\/span>\n\nLos comit\u00e9s de autodefensa han evolucionado en sus funciones: ahora ellos se encargan de mantener el orden interno en las aldeas ash\u00e1ninkas. Intervienen en disputas entre vecinos (casos de violaci\u00f3n, de robos, de violencia familiar), vigilan el ingreso de forasteros (invasi\u00f3n de colonos, por lo general, o el paso de \u201cmochileros\u201d o traficantes surcando en botes el r\u00edo), detienen el avance de los incendios forestales (usando drones), resisten las presiones de los narcos de la hoja de coca (ante la que el dinero, a veces, suele quebrar voluntades). <\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_2,1_2\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" admin_label=\"Fila quote\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img-x2\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|0px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|25px||25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"|20px||20px|false|false\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_2\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_text module_class=\"vst-quote\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]\n\n\u201cLos cocaleros del Vraem, al ver que ya no hay m\u00e1s tierras para cultivar, invaden nuestros territorios, tumban los \u00e1rboles y plantan su coca\u201d, cuenta Am\u00e9rico Salcedo, presidente de los Comit\u00e9s de Autodefensa. \u201cPero despu\u00e9s con tanto qu\u00edmico, la tierra ya no sirve para nada. Entonces salen a invadir m\u00e1s territorio ind\u00edgena y as\u00ed como un c\u00edrculo que nunca termina\u201d.<\/b>\n\n<\/b>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_2\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,3_4\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila-regular\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" module_alignment=\"center\" custom_margin=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|phone\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|60px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|50px|60px|25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|60px|20px|false|false\" border_radii=\"off||||\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_enable_color=\"off\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_text module_class=\"vst-p\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"50px||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]\n\n\u201cLos cocaleros del Vraem, al ver que ya no hay m\u00e1s tierras para cultivar, invaden nuestros territorios, tumban los \u00e1rboles y plantan su coca. Y ah\u00ed puedes hacer dos, tres cosechas, pero despu\u00e9s con tanto qu\u00edmico, la tierra ya no sirve para nada, sin nutrientes. Entonces salen a invadir m\u00e1s territorio ind\u00edgena y as\u00ed como un c\u00edrculo que nunca termina\u201d, explica Am\u00e9rico Salcedo, presidente de los Comit\u00e9s, y que conoce de primera mano c\u00f3mo act\u00faan estas mafias. \u201cYo lo he visto, nadie me ha contado. Pero las autoridades del Estado peruano parecen no pensar lo mismo\u201d.<\/span>\n\nEn un documento remitido a CARE en 2021, las Fuerzas Armadas apostadas en el valle del r\u00edo Ene, est\u00e1n privilegiando m\u00e1s el resguardo de la zona de la parte alta, m\u00e1s cerca a la selva del Vraem, donde hay un nivel mayor de acci\u00f3n de los grupos narcotraficantes y sus aliados, los remanentes terroristas. Sin embargo, para los ash\u00e1ninkas de esas comunidades, ubicadas en esa parte del valle \u2014como Osherato, Uni\u00f3n Puerto Ash\u00e1ninka y Potsoteni\u2014 el peligro est\u00e1 muy lejos de haber desaparecido.<\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,3_4\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila-regular 10-90\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" custom_margin=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|0px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|25px|0px|25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|0px|20px|false|false\" border_radii=\"off||||\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_enable_color=\"off\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_css_main_element=\"width:10%!important;\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_css_main_element=\"width:90%!important;\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_css_main_element_last_edited=\"on|tablet\" custom_css_main_element_tablet=\"width:100%!important;\" custom_css_main_element_phone=\"width:100%!important;\"][et_pb_code admin_label=\"Imagen Esp\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\"][imagen_nota id=\"\"][\/et_pb_code][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Pie de foto\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" text_text_color=\"#6e6e6e\" text_font_size=\"13px\" text_letter_spacing=\"0.16px\" text_orientation=\"right\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding=\"10px|0px|15px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"||10px||false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"|20px|5px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_css_main_element=\"font-weight:400;\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]\n\nAgustin Rojas es jefe de Osherato, una de las primeras comunidades de la zona norte del r\u00edo Ene. En los \u00faltimos meses, esta y otras comunidades han reforzado los comit\u00e9s de autodefensa frente al incremento de los conflictos con invasores, traficantes de madera y narcotr\u00e1fico. \/ Musuk Nolte<\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,3_4\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila-regular\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" module_alignment=\"center\" custom_margin=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|phone\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|60px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|50px|60px|25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|60px|20px|false|false\" border_radii=\"off||||\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_enable_color=\"off\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_text module_class=\"vst-p\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"50px||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]\n\n\u201cHoy, los militares de la zona, dicen que, porque no tienen su padr\u00f3n actualizado o su resoluci\u00f3n actualizados, entonces los comit\u00e9s se deben desactivar. Pero en la ley no dice eso\u201d, explica Irup\u00e9 Ca\u00f1ari, asesora legal de CARE, y a\u00f1ade que estos requisitos no pudieron ser cumplidos por varias comunidades por el aislamiento que tuvieron que acatar debido a la pandemia. \u201cAdem\u00e1s no ten\u00edan ni internet para enviar sus informes ni combustible para navegar r\u00edo arriba ocho horas hasta la base militar m\u00e1s cercana. Fue un trabajo intenso hacerles entender eso a las Fuerzas Armadas. Los comit\u00e9s de autodefensa contin\u00faan legalmente existiendo mientras haya estado de emergencia en esa zona. Reci\u00e9n si se pasa del estado de emergencia al estado de derecho, cuando ya no hay grupos hostiles, se pasa a la desactivaci\u00f3n de los comit\u00e9s de autodefensa. Eso dice el decreto\u201d.<\/span>\n\nFue reci\u00e9n a mediados del 2021, que en el contexto de la matanza de la comunidad del Vizcat\u00e1n del Ene, con el asesinato multiple de unos comuneros \u2014supuestamente perpetrado por remanentes de Sendero, aunque el caso sigue en investigaci\u00f3n\u2014 que las Fuerzas Armadas decidieron dejar sin efecto la desactivaci\u00f3n de los comit\u00e9s de autodefensa ash\u00e1ninkas. Hoy, toda la zona del Vraem sigue en estado de emergencia. Y los l\u00edderes ash\u00e1ninkas bajo peligro.<\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_2,1_2\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila 50-50\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img-x2\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|0px|50px|false|true\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|25px||25px|false|true\" custom_padding_phone=\"|20px||20px|false|true\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_2\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_2\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_code admin_label=\"Imagen Esp\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\"][imagen_nota id=\"\"][\/et_pb_code][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Pie de foto\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" text_text_color=\"#6e6e6e\" text_font_size=\"13px\" text_letter_spacing=\"0.16px\" text_orientation=\"right\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding=\"10px|0px|15px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"||10px||false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"|20px|5px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" hover_enabled=\"0\" custom_css_main_element=\"font-weight:400;\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" sticky_enabled=\"0\"]\n\nElio Sebasti\u00e1n (16) y Karen R\u00edos (15)  est\u00e1n casados. Recibieron un peque\u00f1o lote en la comunidad de Boca Anapate donde construir\u00e1n su casa. <\/span>\/ Musuk Nolte <\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,3_4\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila-regular\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" module_alignment=\"center\" custom_margin=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|phone\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|60px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|50px|60px|25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|60px|20px|false|false\" border_radii=\"off||||\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_enable_color=\"off\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_text module_class=\"vst-p\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"50px||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]\n\nGlobal Witness indica que el Per\u00fa<\/span> est\u00e1 entre las 10 zonas m\u00e1s peligrosas del planeta para los defensores de la tierra y el agua<\/span>. Y los l\u00edderes ash\u00e1ninkas, como ocurri\u00f3 en la \u00e9poca de la subversi\u00f3n, siguen siendo de los m\u00e1s atacados y criminalizados. En 2013, por ejemplo, dos sicarios mataron a Mauro P\u00edo \u2014l\u00edder hist\u00f3rico del pueblo ash\u00e1ninka\u2014 dispar\u00e1ndole desde sus motocicletas. P\u00edo llevaba veinte a\u00f1os pidiendo la titulaci\u00f3n de sus tierras y la expulsi\u00f3n de la empresa forestal que invad\u00eda su comunidad. En 2014, unos traficantes de madera asesinaron a balazos al l\u00edder ash\u00e1ninka Edwin Chota junto a sus tres compa\u00f1eros en la selva de la frontera con Brasil. Durante 12 a\u00f1os estuvo exigiendo al Estado que le ayudara a proteger su bosque de la depredaci\u00f3n. Solo luego de su muerte, las autoridades atendieron sus demandas. M\u00e1s de 80 peruanos (en su mayor\u00eda ind\u00edgenas) fueron asesinados por causas similares durante las dos primeras d\u00e9cadas de este siglo. La cifra solo registra los casos conocidos.<\/span>\n\n\u201cEl mayor peligro que sentimos es que el Estado, quien se supone nos debe defender, nos traiciona\u201d, me dijo alguna vez Ruth Buend\u00eda, reconocida lideresa ash\u00e1ninka, ganadora del premio Goldman, el Nobel Verde, <\/span>otorgado a l\u00edderes ambientales en los cinco continentes.<\/span> Ella enfrent\u00f3 a la compa\u00f1\u00eda brasile\u00f1a Odebrecht para evitar la construcci\u00f3n de una represa en tierras ind\u00edgenas. \u201cNos dejan a nuestra suerte a manos de criminales\u201d.<\/span>\n\n \n\nLos nuevos liderazgos<\/b>\n\nLas nuevas generaciones de ash\u00e1ninkas, j\u00f3venes entre sus 20 y 30 a\u00f1os, hijos y nietos de los l\u00edderes que fueron exterminados o desterrados durante la guerra contra Sendero, tienen claro que no pueden quedarse con las manos extendidas, esperando que el Estado acuda a ayudarles. <\/span>\n\n\u201cYa hemos esperado demasiado tiempo\u201d, dice Florinda Yumiquiri, 28 a\u00f1os, madre de dos ni\u00f1os y un bebe que nacer\u00e1 en unas semanas. De pie, bajo la sombra de un \u00e1rbol, la secretaria de la comunidad de Osherato (\u201ccangrejo\u201d) y tesorera de CARE, dice que por eso ahora las mujeres tambi\u00e9n forman parte de los comit\u00e9s de autodefensa. <\/span>\n\n\u201cLos tiempos han cambiado. Ahora yo no puedo, pero las m\u00e1s jovencitas tambi\u00e9n salimos a patrullar, a chalanguear a los que vienen a invadir nuestro territorio\u201d, dice Florinda, refiri\u00e9ndose a esa costumbre ash\u00e1ninka de azotar a un \u201cmalvado\u201d con unas ramas de ortiga, largas como l\u00e1tigos. As\u00ed, cuenta, lograron expulsar hace unos a\u00f1os a un grupo de colonos (\u201cchoris\u201d) que quisieron apropiarse de un sector del bosque de la comunidad. Reci\u00e9n, luego de un juicio que dur\u00f3 casi una d\u00e9cada, lograron terminar con ese problema al sacar su t\u00edtulo de propiedad en 2018. No es el \u00fanico caso.<\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_2,1_2\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila 50-50\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img-x2\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|0px|50px|false|true\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|25px||25px|false|true\" custom_padding_phone=\"|20px||20px|false|true\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_2\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_code admin_label=\"Imagen Esp\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\"][imagen_nota id=\"\"][\/et_pb_code][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Pie de foto\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" text_text_color=\"#6e6e6e\" text_font_size=\"13px\" text_letter_spacing=\"0.16px\" text_orientation=\"right\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding=\"10px|0px|15px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"||10px||false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"|20px|5px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_css_main_element=\"font-weight:400;\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]\n\nKirenia tiene 15 y ya es madre de un ni\u00f1o de casi un a\u00f1o. Al quedar embarazada de su pareja, dej\u00f3 la escuela y se dedic\u00f3 a criar a su ni\u00f1o. En las comunidades ash\u00e1ninka,  la vida sexual empieza en la adolescencia, aunque en los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os son m\u00e1s los j\u00f3venes que buscan postergar la maternidad luego de culminar sus estudios. \/ Musuk Nollte <\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_2\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,3_4\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila-regular 10-90\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" custom_margin=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|0px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|25px|0px|25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|0px|20px|false|false\" border_radii=\"off||||\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_enable_color=\"off\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_css_main_element=\"width:10%!important;\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_css_main_element=\"width:90%!important;\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_css_main_element_last_edited=\"on|tablet\" custom_css_main_element_tablet=\"width:100%!important;\" custom_css_main_element_phone=\"width:100%!important;\"][et_pb_code admin_label=\"Imagen Esp\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\"][imagen_nota id=\"\"][\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,3_4\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila-regular\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" module_alignment=\"center\" custom_margin=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|phone\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|60px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|50px|60px|25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|60px|20px|false|false\" border_radii=\"off||||\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_enable_color=\"off\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_text module_class=\"vst-p\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"50px||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]\n\nA pesar de que habitan sus territorios desde hace generaciones, m\u00e1s de 600 comunidades ind\u00edgenas \u2014la mitad de todas las que existen en la selva peruana\u2014 siguen sin ser las due\u00f1as legales de sus tierras. Un estudio de World Resources Institute, realizado en quince pa\u00edses de Asia, \u00c1frica y Am\u00e9rica Latina, demuestra que el proceso de legalizar un territorio ind\u00edgena es extremadamente complejo, costoso y lento, y obliga, en varios casos, a que las familias abandonen sus tierras o pierdan sus derechos sobre el agua, plantas medicinales o alimentos. Mientras las comunidades deben afrontar procesos que pueden tardar m\u00e1s de 30 a\u00f1os, las empresas que solicitan concesiones en estas mismas tierras suelen obtenerlas en solo treinta d\u00edas, a lo mucho, en cinco a\u00f1os. <\/span>Los pueblos ind\u00edgenas y las comunidades rurales ocupan m\u00e1s de la mitad de las tierras del planeta, pero solo poseen legalmente el 10 por ciento de las tierras a nivel mundial. <\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_2,1_2\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" admin_label=\"Fila quote\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img-x2\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|0px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|25px||25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"|20px||20px|false|false\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_2\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_text module_class=\"vst-quote\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_padding=\"||||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]\n\nEl Per\u00fa<\/b> est\u00e1 entre las 10 zonas m\u00e1s peligrosas del planeta para los defensores de la tierra y el agua<\/b>. Y los l\u00edderes ash\u00e1ninkas, como ocurri\u00f3 durante la guerra contra Sendero, siguen siendo los m\u00e1s atacados y criminalizados. En 2014, unos traficantes de madera asesinaron al l\u00edder Edwin Chota en la frontera con Brasil. Durante 12 a\u00f1os estuvo exigiendo al Estado que le ayudara a proteger su bosque de la depredaci\u00f3n. <\/b>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_2\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,3_4\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila-regular\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" module_alignment=\"center\" custom_margin=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|phone\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|60px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|50px|60px|25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|60px|20px|false|false\" border_radii=\"off||||\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_enable_color=\"off\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_text module_class=\"vst-p\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"50px||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]\n\nEn el valle del Ene, una de las poblaciones que m\u00e1s ha sufrido la destrucci\u00f3n de su territorio a manos de cocaleros es Catungo Quempiri, ubicada en el distrito de R\u00edo Tambo en la provincia de Satipo, en Jun\u00edn. Esta comunidad limita con la regi\u00f3n Cusco y desde el 2018 empez\u00f3 a denunciar la presencia de colonos invasores para sembrar hoja de coca. Seg\u00fan la asesora legal de CARE, se han registrado 10 denuncias por tala ilegal de bosques de Catungo Quempiri ante la Fiscal\u00eda Especializada en Materia Ambiental. Hasta diciembre del 2021 se contabilizaron 1.962 hect\u00e1reas deforestadas a causa del avance del sembr\u00edo de coca y otras actividades ilegales en esta zona.<\/span>\n\nEsta comunidad tiene a la cabeza a Clementina Shinquireri, la primera jefa de Catungo Quempiri. Su padre, quien fue fundador de la comunidad que ahora ella dirige y que particip\u00f3 activamente en la obtenci\u00f3n del t\u00edtulo de propiedad en 1999, fue asesinado por Sendero Luminoso. Ahora, ella tambi\u00e9n es amenazada por remanentes terroristas.<\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,3_4\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila-regular 10-90\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" custom_margin=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|0px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|25px|0px|25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|0px|20px|false|false\" border_radii=\"off||||\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_enable_color=\"off\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_css_main_element=\"width:10%!important;\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_css_main_element=\"width:90%!important;\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_css_main_element_last_edited=\"on|tablet\" custom_css_main_element_tablet=\"width:100%!important;\" custom_css_main_element_phone=\"width:100%!important;\"][et_pb_code admin_label=\"Imagen Esp\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\"][imagen_nota id=\"\"][\/et_pb_code][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Pie de foto\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" text_text_color=\"#6e6e6e\" text_font_size=\"13px\" text_letter_spacing=\"0.16px\" text_orientation=\"right\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding=\"10px|0px|15px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"||10px||false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"|20px|5px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_css_main_element=\"font-weight:400;\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]\n\nFlorinda Yomiquiri, secretaria de CARE. Potsoteni, R\u00edo Ene. \/ Musuk Nolte<\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,3_4\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila-regular\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" module_alignment=\"center\" custom_margin=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|phone\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|60px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|50px|60px|25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|60px|20px|false|false\" border_radii=\"off||||\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_enable_color=\"off\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"][et_pb_text module_class=\"vst-p\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"50px||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\"]\n\nDe ah\u00ed que, para \u00c1ngel Pedro, presidente de CARE, los comit\u00e9s de autodefensa constituyan la primera l\u00ednea de defensa que tienen frente a un Estado indolente. \u201cCuando hay una emergencia los militares se demoran un mes, dos meses en llegar. En cambio, ac\u00e1 como comuneros, nosotros somos los que nos levantamos r\u00e1pido para defender nuestro territorio\u201d. <\/span>\n\nEl 20 de abril de este a\u00f1o, el asesinato de Ulises Rumiche Quintimari, quien fue hallado muerto en la carretera Naylamp de Sonomoro, record\u00f3 la vulnerabilidad en la que estas comunidades permanecen. El l\u00edder ind\u00edgena nomatsiguenga, gerente de Pueblos Originarios en la Municipalidad distrital de Pangoa (provincia de Satipo, a la que pertenecen las tierras ash\u00e1ninkas del Ene), fue asesinado de un disparo en la cabeza. Hasta el momento, no hay avances en la investigaci\u00f3n, seg\u00fan informan los deudos.<\/span>\n\nFrente a esta situaci\u00f3n, la respuesta del Gobierno no ha sido la m\u00e1s adecuada. El \u00faltimo jueves 26 de mayo deb\u00eda realizarse en Satipo una sesi\u00f3n descentralizada de ministros; sin embargo, esta fue cancelada. CARE rechaz\u00f3 la postergaci\u00f3n de esta reuni\u00f3n en la que esperaban exponer la inseguridad en la que viven sus comunidades. <\/span>\n\n\u201cNosotros ya lo tenemos claro: eso ya est\u00e1 instalado en la organizaci\u00f3n de las comunidades nativas\u201d, asegura \u00c1ngel Pedro, que en un momento quiso ser polic\u00eda para vengar la muerte de su padre, el pastor Bendito. \u201cAs\u00ed que por m\u00e1s que quieran desactivarnos y que se lleven sus armamentos del Estado que ya est\u00e1n obsoletos, nosotros continuaremos, aunque sea con nuestros arcos y nuestras flechas, nos defenderemos\u201d.<\/span>\n\n*Este reportaje fue realizado con el apoyo de National Geographic Society y fue publicado originalmente en NatGeo en Espa\u00f1ol, en septiembre de 2022.<\/i><\/b>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]","_et_gb_content_width":""},"categories":[272,280,279,285,278,5],"tags":[12,543,117,92,93,28,257,542,299],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe war of the Ovayerii is\u00a0still ongoing - Vist Projects<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/vistprojects.com\/en\/the-war-of-the-ovayerii-is-still-ongoing\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The war of the Ovayerii is\u00a0still ongoing - Vist Projects\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/vistprojects.com\/en\/the-war-of-the-ovayerii-is-still-ongoing\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Vist Projects\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-11-22T02:13:36+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-11-22T02:16:06+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"mvallejoq\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"[vist_img_post_intro]\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"mvallejoq\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"56 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/vistprojects.com\/en\/the-war-of-the-ovayerii-is-still-ongoing\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vistprojects.com\/en\/the-war-of-the-ovayerii-is-still-ongoing\/\",\"name\":\"The war of the Ovayerii is\u00a0still ongoing - 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