{"id":2800,"date":"2023-08-18T13:21:40","date_gmt":"2023-08-18T18:21:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vistprojects.com\/en\/?p=2800"},"modified":"2023-08-18T13:21:40","modified_gmt":"2023-08-18T18:21:40","slug":"salt-water-and-police-repression","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vistprojects.com\/en\/salt-water-and-police-repression\/","title":{"rendered":"Salt, Water, and Police Repression"},"content":{"rendered":"

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The indigenous communities of Jujuy, in northern Argentina, are mobilizing against a constitutional reform that threatens their subsistence. While the new local Constitution is presented as a tool for “social peace” and “development,” it enables the advance of the lithium extractive industry onto ancestral lands and criminalizes social protests. We spoke with photographer Susi Maresca, who has documented the situation of these communities and those in Catamarca, Tucum\u00e1n, and Salta. All of them are organizing to confront the social and environmental impact of supposedly “clean” energy.<\/p>\n

By Alonso Almenara<\/span><\/p>\n

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Susi Maresca has been traveling through the northern provinces of Argentina by public transport for nearly four years. In her backpack, she carries a camera, some canned food, and the essentials needed to fulfill her objective: documenting the impact of mega-mining on indigenous communities like those in Jujuy, which are currently in a state of protest.<\/span><\/p>\n

“We didn’t expect to encounter these mobilizations,” she recalls. At that time, she was traveling with journalist Camila Parodi, with whom she is developing the project ”\u00a0<\/span>La Ruta del Litio, Cartograf\u00edas de un Saqueo<\/span><\/em>,” which records the environmental and social impact of the lithium extractive industry \u2013 the “clean” energy of the future, used in electric car batteries by Elon Musk \u2013 in the provinces of Catamarca, Tucum\u00e1n, Salta, and Jujuy.<\/span><\/p>\n

The photographer explains that the people of Jujuy are demanding the repeal of the constitutional reform approved on June 20th, which allows the province to take possession of ancestral lands without property titles. The new local Constitution, driven by Governor Gerardo Morales, also grants the regional government control over the water on those lands and, to make matters worse, criminalizes protests. “What the communities are demanding is the recognition of communal ownership and the preservation of their access to water. The problem is that these lands contain lithium, and extracting it requires a lot of water.”<\/span><\/p>\n

The mobilizations in northern Argentina intensified between mid and late last month and resulted in the detention of dozens of members of social organizations amid police repression. Maresca was present at the protests until June 28th. “They’re still there,” she comments. “They recently announced that on July 24th, they’re going to walk to Buenos Aires. Can you imagine? It’s 1800 kilometers.”<\/span><\/p>\n

The photographer believes lithium extraction’s negative impacts still have limited coverage in the Argentine media sphere. In her view, this is partly due to how the international press typically portrays lithium: as a safe energy source that will fuel the energy transition of the future. “Proving this isn’t exactly the case will take much work.” But she is determined. In addition to her collaboration with Parodi, they have other lithium-related projects: ”\u00a0<\/span>La Sal de la Tierra\u00a0<\/span><\/em>y\u00a0<\/span>Agua para la Vida<\/span><\/em>.” This article includes a selection of photos from those works.<\/span><\/p>\n

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How did you start documenting the issue of lithium mining?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

In Argentina, mega-mining has been discussed for many years, but it receives different attention than other types of extractivism, such as agribusiness, which is highly covered in the media. I actually didn’t know much about this until four years ago when I had the opportunity to visit a museum managed by the communities of Laguna Blanca in the province of Catamarca. From that moment, I began to travel and investigate what was happening with mining.<\/span><\/p>\n

My first real contact with the territory was through socio-environmental assemblies, groups of neighbors fighting for water. I first traveled to Ancasti, in the south of Catamarca, and there I learned about a lithium project in rock: a less-known form of exploitation that impacts water and the mountains. Then I continued traveling to Andalgal\u00e1, where I encountered a highly organized population. There, I began documenting the situation of these people, the reasons for their struggle, what is being lost in all of this, and what mega-mining means in their lives.<\/span><\/p>\n

While I was there, I learned that other communities were being impacted by mining in the Salar del Hombre Muerto, located in the province of Antofagasta de la Sierra. That is how the essay “Salt of the Earth” emerged, focusing on lithium extraction from brine. I didn’t know the consequences and significance of this type of mining. I had always read that this type of exploitation is sustainable or less damaging than mining mountains. That’s not true. Millions of liters of water per minute are needed to separate the liquid from the salt. And we’re talking about the Argentine puna, a semi-desert region where it hardly rains throughout the year, and most of the water reserves come from underground wells.<\/span><\/p>\n

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What is the current situation of the communities in Catamarca?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

The first populations affected by mega-mining are the indigenous communities: those preexisting in the State, with thousands of years of cultivating traditions and ways of life that are impacted by this economic activity. The mining companies that have established themselves in the Salar del Hombre Muerto have disrupted all activities of these communities related to salt. When I first arrived, I was surprised not to see any salt. That represents an immediate environmental impact because salt is a key factor in maintaining the balance of that ecosystem.<\/span><\/p>\n

Antofagasta de la Sierra has a unique feature where the entire journey, about nine hours by bus from Bel\u00e9n, is surrounded by two volcanoes. When one arrives, there’s a sense that the world began there. However, all that harmony and biodiversity are affected by excessive water consumption. Not only freshwater from underground wells but also saltwater that maintains that equilibrium.<\/span><\/p>\n

I want to discuss the connection between lithium exploitation and what’s happening in Jujuy.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

When I started documenting lithium mining in 2020, lithium was just beginning to be promoted as part of the new energy transition aimed at moving away from hydrocarbons. There are several issues with this notion. Excessive water usage is one of them. Moreover, lithium is not just for making car batteries; it’s used in robotics, space technology, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and warfare machinery. It has many uses, some of which are questionable, but this is whitewashed by talking about car batteries and energy transition.<\/span><\/p>\n

The fact is that the lithium extractive industry has grown significantly in recent years. Those initial projects, only two per salt flat in the 1990s, have transformed into eight or nine. Jujuy is one of the affected provinces. Unlike Catamarca, it has a substantial indigenous population. In Catamarca, the distances are so vast and the communities so small that it’s very challenging to come together to coordinate the fight. They’re quickly subjected to legal actions, criminal cases are fabricated against them, and they are silenced.<\/span><\/p>\n

The problem in Jujuy is that resistance has become very difficult since the modification of the constitution. The crux of the matter is that the Argentine Constitution of 1994 gives a free pass to all multinational companies to extract soil resources without limits, offering only a 3% royalty. However, it also acknowledges the preexistence of indigenous peoples. On the other hand, Argentina adheres to ILO Convention 169, a law that supersedes national law and stipulates that in the face of any advancement by an extractive company, indigenous peoples must be consulted if it occurs within their ancestral lands.<\/span><\/p>\n

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In Jujuy, what is happening is that the provincial law is being modified above the national law through a constitutional reform that came into effect on June 20th. That gives the governor absolute authority over the waters of the entire province and implies the displacement of communities from their original places to other areas.
Essentially, they are trying to encroach upon their ancestral lands because there is lithium there. That has happened in other provinces, but they encountered communities organized around salt here. Salinas Grandes, the salt flat in Jujuy, still has salt. And these families, numbering 130, are organized in worker cooperatives and make a living from salt. They use it for human consumption and export it to Paraguay and Brazil, where it is used for pickling and other products.
Within these cooperatives, they explain that they process the salt while allowing enough time to regenerate. They work it just as their grandparents and great-grandparents did. That doesn’t happen with companies that extract resources irresponsibly. What gives me a glimmer of hope is that, from what I’ve seen, these people are determined, and the company won’t find it easy to interfere with an organized community in a salt flat where these people rely on that.
In fact, behind Salinas Grandes, these individuals have a freshwater spring, which is one of their most precious assets. It’s almost like a deity. What the communities are doing is preserving this freshwater spring because it is what sustains life in that place.<\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

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How do you feel this will end?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

This onslaught is reminiscent of the colonial era. These are companies that have no scruples. Every day, I receive audio messages, videos, and calls documenting the persecution people face throughout the provinces of Catamarca. I was there for 25 days in 2021, and during my stay, 14 people were taken to court for defending water.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ver\u00f3nica Gostissa, an environmental lawyer, recently told me that Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina don’t form the true lithium triangle, the countries with the most lithium in the world, but rather the conspiracy between multinational extractive companies and the state and security forces. That’s what enables the reckless extraction of lithium to function as it does. Go to the Salar de Olaroz, 200 km from Salinas Grandes in Jujuy. You’ll see what they are capable of: it’s kilometers and kilometers of nothing but evaporation ponds, nothing else. There’s no salt, no water, no communities. And they want to do the same thing in other places.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ultimately, they show that specific populations are worth more to them than others. Some populations are expendable so that minority populations can live sustainably or transition to clean energy. I’m not very hopeful about the current government’s stance; I don’t see a willingness to limit the advance of these companies. Two years ago, I received brochures promoting Argentine lithium in Canada. The potential extraction sites were presented as if they were talking about candy. What I am sure of, though, is that at least the population of Jujuy is determined to resist death, no matter what. If their way of life is taken from them, if their water is taken, they lose absolutely everything: their textiles, their animals, their ceremonies, their worldview.<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t<\/svg><\/a>\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t<\/svg><\/a>\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t<\/g>\n\t<\/svg><\/a>The indigenous communities of Jujuy, in northern Argentina, are mobilizing against a constitutional reform that threatens their subsistence. While the new local Constitution is presented as a tool for “social peace” and “development,” it enables the advance of the lithium extractive industry onto ancestral lands and criminalizes social protests. We spoke with photographer Susi Maresca, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"[et_pb_section fb_built=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|tablet\" module_class=\"vst-tm-entrevista\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"100%\" module_alignment=\"center\" min_height=\"100vh\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding=\"100px|0px|100px|0px|true|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"70px||||false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_row use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila-intro\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" 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custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text admin_label=\"T\u00edtulo\" module_class=\"vsp-titulo-top\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _dynamic_attributes=\"content\" _module_preset=\"default\" height=\"100%\" custom_padding_tablet=\"50px|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"40px|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|tablet\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF90aXRsZSIsInNldHRpbmdzIjp7ImJlZm9yZSI6IjxoMT4iLCJhZnRlciI6IjwvaDE+In19@[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.15.1\" _module_preset=\"default\" text_font_size=\"23px\" text_line_height=\"28px\" custom_padding=\"50px||50px||false|false\" locked=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]\n\nLas comunidades ind\u00edgenas de Jujuy, en el norte de Argentina, se encuentran movilizadas contra una reforma constitucional que pone en peligro su subsistencia. Aunque la nueva Carta Magna local es presentada como una herramienta para la \u201cpaz social\u201d y el \u201cdesarrollo\u201d, en realidad permite la avanzada de la industria extractiva de litio sobre tierras ancestrales; criminalizando, adem\u00e1s, la protesta social. Conversamos con la fot\u00f3grafa Susi Maresca, que ha documentado la situaci\u00f3n de estas comunidades, as\u00ed como las de Catamarca, Tucum\u00e1n y Salta. Todas ellas se organizan para hacer frente al impacto social y ambiental de una energ\u00eda pretendidamente \u201climpia\u201d. <\/span>\n\nPor Alonso Almenara<\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"50px||50px||false|false\" locked=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]\n\nSusi Maresca lleva casi cuatro a\u00f1os recorriendo las provincias del norte argentino en transporte p\u00fablico. Tiene en su mochila una c\u00e1mara de fotos, algunos alimentos enlatados y lo m\u00ednimo indispensable para cumplir su objetivo: documentar el impacto de la megaminer\u00eda en comunidades ind\u00edgenas como las de Jujuy, que hoy se encuentran en pie de guerra. <\/span>\n\n\u201cNo esper\u00e1bamos encontrarnos con las movilizaciones\u201d, recuerda. En ese momento, ella estaba viajando con la periodista Camila Parodi, con quien desarrolla el proyecto <\/span>La ruta del litio, cartograf\u00edas de un saqueo<\/span><\/i>, que registra el impacto ambiental y social de la industria extractiva de litio \u2014la energ\u00eda \u201climpia\u201d del futuro, de la que est\u00e1n hechas las bater\u00edas de los autos el\u00e9ctricos de Elon Musk\u2014 en las provincias de Catamarca, Tucum\u00e1n, Salta y Jujuy.<\/span>\n\nLa fot\u00f3grafa explica que lo que reclama el pueblo de Jujuy es la derogaci\u00f3n de la reforma constitucional aprobada el pasado 20 de junio, que permite a la provincia tomar posesi\u00f3n de tierras ancestrales que no tengan t\u00edtulos de propiedad. La nueva Carta Magna local, impulsada por el gobernador Gerardo Morales, permite adem\u00e1s al gobierno regional disponer de las aguas de esas tierras y, por si fuera poco, criminaliza la protesta. \u201cLo que exigen las comunidades es que se les reconozca la propiedad comunitaria y que no se comprometa su acceso al agua. El problema es que en esas tierras hay litio, y que para extraerlo hace falta mucha agua\u201d. <\/span>\n\nLas movilizaciones en el norte de Argentina se intensificaron entre mediados y finales del mes pasado y se saldaron con la detenci\u00f3n de decenas de miembros de organizaciones sociales en medio de la represi\u00f3n policial. Maresca estuvo presente en las protestas hasta el 28 de junio. \u201cSiguen ah\u00ed\u201d, comenta. \u201cHace poco han anunciado que el 24 de julio van a venir caminando a Buenos Aires. \u00bfTe imaginas? Son 1800 kil\u00f3metros\u201d.<\/span>\n\nLa fot\u00f3grafa considera que los impactos negativos de la extracci\u00f3n de litio a\u00fan tienen poca repercusi\u00f3n en la esfera medi\u00e1tica argentina. En su opini\u00f3n, esto se debe parte al modo en que la prensa internacional suele presentar el litio: como una energ\u00eda segura que alimentar\u00e1 la transici\u00f3n energ\u00e9tica del futuro. \u201cDemostrar que esto no es exactamente as\u00ed tomar\u00e1 mucho trabajo\u201d. Pero ella est\u00e1 decidida. Adem\u00e1s de su colaboraci\u00f3n con Parodi, tienen otros proyectos relacionados con el litio: <\/span>La sal de la tierra <\/span><\/i>y <\/span>Agua para la vida<\/span><\/i>. Esta nota incluye una selecci\u00f3n de fotos de esos trabajos.<\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Img full\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img-x1\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_code admin_label=\"Imagen Esp\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\"][imagen_nota id=\"20422\"][\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Img full\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img-x1\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"4_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_code admin_label=\"Imagen Esp\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\"][imagen_nota id=\"20391\"][\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,3_4\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila-regular\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" custom_margin=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|60px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|25px|0px|25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|0px|20px|false|false\" border_radii=\"off||||\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_enable_color=\"off\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text module_class=\"vst-p\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"50px||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]\n\n\u00bfC\u00f3mo empezaste a documentar la problem\u00e1tica de la miner\u00eda de litio?<\/b>\n\nEn Argentina se habla de la megaminer\u00eda desde hace muchos a\u00f1os, pero no se le presta la misma atenci\u00f3n que a otro tipo de extractivismos, como el agronegocio, que est\u00e1 muy presente en los medios de comunicaci\u00f3n. Yo en realidad no sab\u00eda mucho de esto hasta hace cuatro a\u00f1os, cuando tuve la oportunidad de visitar un museo manejado por las comunidades de Laguna Blanca, en la provincia de Catamarca. Fue a partir de ese momento que empec\u00e9 a viajar y a investigar sobre lo que estaba sucediendo con la miner\u00eda. <\/span>\n\nMi primer contacto real con el territorio fue a trav\u00e9s de asambleas socioambientales, que son grupos de vecinos y vecinas que luchan por el agua. Primero viaj\u00e9 a Ancasti, al sur de Catamarca, y ah\u00ed me enter\u00e9 de que hab\u00eda un proyecto de litio en roca: una modalidad de explotaci\u00f3n poco conocida, pero que genera impactos no s\u00f3lo a nivel del agua, sino tambi\u00e9n de la monta\u00f1a. Despu\u00e9s segu\u00ed viajando por Andalgal\u00e1, donde me encontr\u00e9 con una poblaci\u00f3n muy organizada. Ah\u00ed empec\u00e9 a registrar la situaci\u00f3n de estas personas, las razones por las que est\u00e1n luchando, qu\u00e9 se pierde en todo esto, qu\u00e9 significa la megaminer\u00eda en sus vidas. <\/span>\n\nY estando all\u00e1 me enter\u00e9 de que hab\u00eda otras comunidades que estaban siendo impactadas por miner\u00eda en el Salar del Hombre Muerto, ubicado en la provincia de Antofagasta de la Sierra. As\u00ed surgi\u00f3 el ensayo <\/span>La sal de la tierra<\/span><\/i>, sobre la extracci\u00f3n de litio en salmueras. Yo realmente desconoc\u00eda las consecuencias y lo que significa este tipo de miner\u00eda. Siempre hab\u00eda le\u00eddo que esta explotaci\u00f3n es sustentable o es menos da\u00f1ina que explotar monta\u00f1as. Eso no es cierto. La raz\u00f3n es que, para separar el l\u00edquido de la sal, se necesitan millones de litros de agua por minuto. Y estamos hablando de la puna argentina, un lugar con un clima semides\u00e9rtico donde no llueve casi en todo el a\u00f1o y donde la mayor\u00eda de las reservas de agua provienen de pozos subterr\u00e1neos. <\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_2,1_2\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila 50-50\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img-x2\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|0px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|25px||25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"|20px||20px|false|false\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_2\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|10px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|5px|||false|false\" 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theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]\n\n\u00bfCu\u00e1l es la situaci\u00f3n actual de las comunidades de Catamarca?<\/b>\n\nLas primeras poblaciones afectadas por la megaminer\u00eda son las comunidades originarias: es decir, comunidades preexistentes al Estado que llevan miles de a\u00f1os cultivando tradiciones y formas de vida que se ven afectadas por esta actividad econ\u00f3mica. Las mineras que se han instalado en el Salar del Hombre Muerto han cortado todas las actividades de estas comunidades relacionadas con la sal. Cuando llegu\u00e9 por primera vez me sorprendi\u00f3 no ver sal. Eso representa un impacto inmediato en el medioambiente porque la sal es un factor clave para mantener el equilibrio de ese ecosistema.<\/span>\n\nLa particularidad que tiene Antofagasta de la Sierra es que todo el camino de llegada, que son m\u00e1s o menos nueve horas de viaje en bus desde la ciudad de Bel\u00e9n, est\u00e1 conformado por dos volcanes. Uno llega y tiene la sensaci\u00f3n de que ah\u00ed empez\u00f3 el mundo. Pero toda esa armon\u00eda y esa biodiversidad se ve afectada por un consumo exagerado de agua. No solo de agua dulce que viene de pozos subterr\u00e1neos, sino de agua salada, que mantiene ese equilibrio.<\/span>\n\nMe gustar\u00eda hablar ahora de la relaci\u00f3n entre la explotaci\u00f3n de litio y lo que est\u00e1 pasando en Jujuy.<\/b>\n\nCuando empec\u00e9 a documentar la miner\u00eda de litio, en el 2020, reci\u00e9n se estaba empezando a promocionar el litio como parte de la nueva transici\u00f3n energ\u00e9tica que quiere dejar atr\u00e1s el uso de hidrocarburos. Hay varios problemas con esta idea. El uso excesivo de agua es uno de ellos. Pero adem\u00e1s, el litio no solo sirve para hacer bater\u00edas de auto: sirve para la rob\u00f3tica, la producci\u00f3n de insumos espaciales, la farmacolog\u00eda, sirve para hacer agrot\u00f3xicos y maquinaria de guerra. Tiene muchos usos, varios de ellos cuestionables, pero esto se blanquea hablando de bater\u00edas de autos y de transici\u00f3n energ\u00e9tica.<\/span>\n\nEl hecho es que la industria extractiva de litio ha crecido mucho en los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os. Esos primeros proyectos, que eran apenas dos por salar en los a\u00f1os 1990, se empezaron a transformar en ocho o nueve. Y Jujuy es una de las provincias afectadas. A diferencia de Catamarca, tiene una enorme poblaci\u00f3n originaria. En Catamarca, en cambio, las distancias son tan largas y las poblaciones tan peque\u00f1itas que es muy dif\u00edcil juntarse para coordinar la lucha. A ellos los judicializan enseguida, les arman causas penales, los silencian. <\/span>\n\nEl problema en Jujuy es que esa resistencia se ha vuelto muy dif\u00edcil desde la modificaci\u00f3n de la constituci\u00f3n. El meollo del asunto es que la Constituci\u00f3n Argentina de 1994 le da v\u00eda libre a todas las empresas multinacionales para extraer sin l\u00edmite los recursos del suelo, dejando una regal\u00eda de solo del 3%; pero a su vez reconoce la preexistencia de los pueblos originarios. Por otro lado, Argentina adhiere al Convenio 169 de la OIT, que es una ley que est\u00e1 por encima de la ley nacional, y que estipula que ante cualquier avance de una empresa extractiva, los pueblos originarios tienen que ser consultados si es que esto ocurre dentro de sus de sus tierras ancestrales.<\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,3_4\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila-regular 10-90\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" custom_margin=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|0px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|25px|0px|25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|0px|20px|false|false\" border_radii=\"off||||\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" 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pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" custom_css_main_element_last_edited=\"on|tablet\" custom_css_main_element_tablet=\"width:100%!important;\" custom_css_main_element_phone=\"width:100%!important;\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text admin_label=\"Pie de foto\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" text_text_color=\"#6e6e6e\" text_font_size=\"13px\" text_letter_spacing=\"0.16px\" text_orientation=\"right\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding=\"10px|0px|15px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"||10px||false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"|20px|5px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_css_main_element=\"font-weight:400;\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][\/et_pb_text][et_pb_code admin_label=\"Imagen Esp\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\"][imagen_nota id=\"20394\"][\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,3_4\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila-regular\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" custom_margin=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|60px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|25px|0px|25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|0px|20px|false|false\" border_radii=\"off||||\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_enable_color=\"off\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text module_class=\"vst-p\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"50px||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]\n\nEn Jujuy lo que ocurre es que la ley provincial se modifica por sobre la ley nacional en una reforma constitucional que se puso en vigencia a partir del 20 de junio. Eso le da al gobernador la potestad absoluta de las aguas de toda la provincia, e implica el desplazamiento de las comunidades de sus lugares de origen a otros lugares. <\/span>\n\nEn suma, lo que est\u00e1n queriendo hacer es avanzar sobre sus tierras ancestrales porque ah\u00ed hay litio. Pas\u00f3 en otras provincias, solo que ac\u00e1 se encontraron con comunidades que est\u00e1n organizadas en torno a la sal. Salinas Grandes, que es el salar que est\u00e1 en Jujuy, todav\u00eda tiene sal. Y esas familias, que son 130, est\u00e1n organizadas en cooperativas de trabajo y ellas viven de la sal. No s\u00f3lo la usan para consumo humano sino que tambi\u00e9n la exportan a Paraguay y a Brasil, donde es usada para hacer encurtidos y otros productos. <\/span>\n\nDentro de esas cooperativas, lo que ellos explican es que procesan la sal, pero esperando el tiempo necesario para que la sal rebrote. Ellos la trabajan como lo han hecho sus abuelos y sus bisabuelos. Esto obviamente no ocurre con las empresas que extraen los recursos irresponsablemente. Lo que me da un poco de esperanza es que, por lo que he visto, esta gente est\u00e1 decidida y la empresa no va a tener f\u00e1cil meterse con una comunidad organizada y en un salar donde esa gente vive de eso.<\/span>\n\nDe hecho, estas personas tienen detr\u00e1s de Salinas Grandes un ojo de agua que es uno de sus bienes m\u00e1s preciados. Es casi como un dios. Lo que est\u00e1n haciendo las comunidades es conservar ese ojo de agua dulce porque es lo que hace que la vida exista en ese lugar.<\/span>\n\n<\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_2,1_2\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila 50-50\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img-x2\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" custom_margin=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|0px|50px|false|true\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|25px||25px|false|true\" custom_padding_phone=\"|20px||20px|false|true\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_2\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_code admin_label=\"Imagen Esp\" module_class=\"vst-cnt-img\" _builder_version=\"4.9.4\" _module_preset=\"default\"][imagen_nota id=\"20392\"][\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"1_2\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\"1_4,3_4\" use_custom_gutter=\"on\" gutter_width=\"1\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|phone\" admin_label=\"Fila-regular\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_color=\"RGBA(0,0,0,0)\" width=\"100%\" max_width=\"1920px\" module_alignment=\"center\" custom_margin=\"0px|auto|2px|auto|false|false\" custom_margin_tablet=\"\" custom_margin_phone=\"\" custom_margin_last_edited=\"on|phone\" custom_padding=\"0px|50px|60px|50px|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"0px|50px|60px|25px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px|20px|60px|20px|false|false\" border_radii=\"off||||\" collapsed=\"off\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_column type=\"1_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" background_enable_color=\"off\" custom_padding=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"\" custom_padding_phone=\"\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\"3_4\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"0px|11.5vw|0px|10%|false|false\" custom_padding_tablet=\"|0px||0px|false|false\" custom_padding_phone=\"0px||0px||false|false\" custom_padding_last_edited=\"on|desktop\" pac_dcm_carousel_specific_module_num=\"0\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"][et_pb_text module_class=\"vst-p\" _builder_version=\"4.15\" _module_preset=\"default\" custom_padding=\"50px||||false|false\" global_colors_info=\"{}\" theme_builder_area=\"post_content\"]\n\n\u00bfC\u00f3mo sientes que va a terminar esto? <\/b>\n\n \n\nEsta avanzada es casi como de la \u00e9poca de la colonia. Son empresas que no tienen miramientos. Yo todos los d\u00edas recibo audios, v\u00eddeos, llamadas que dan cuenta de la persecuci\u00f3n que est\u00e1n recibiendo las personas a lo largo y ancho de todas las provincias de Catamarca. Estuve all\u00e1 25 d\u00edas en el a\u00f1o 2021 y durante mi estad\u00eda hubo 14 personas judicializadas por defender el agua.<\/span>\n\nVer\u00f3nica Gostissa, una abogada ambientalista, me dec\u00eda hace poco que el verdadero tri\u00e1ngulo del litio no es el que conforman Bolivia, Chile y Argentina, los pa\u00edses donde hay m\u00e1s litio en el mundo, sino la complicidad de las empresas extractivas multinacionales con el estado y la fuerzas de seguridad. Eso es lo que hace que funcione realmente la extracci\u00f3n de litio de la manera descabellada en la que est\u00e1 funcionando. Si vas al Salar de Olaroz, que queda a 200 km de Salinas Grandes en Jujuy, te das cuenta lo que son capaces de hacer: son kil\u00f3metros y kil\u00f3metros en los que solo hay piletones de salmueras, nada m\u00e1s. No hay sal, no hay agua, no hay comunidades. Y lo mismo lo quieren hacer en los dem\u00e1s lugares. <\/span>\n\nLo que est\u00e1n mostrando, a fin de cuentas, es que para ellos hay poblaciones que valen m\u00e1s que otras. Hay poblaciones sacrificables para que otras poblaciones minoritarias del mundo puedan vivir de manera sustentable o transicionar energ\u00e9ticamente. Yo no estoy muy esperanzada en cuanto al posicionamiento del gobierno actual, no veo que haya una voluntad de poner un l\u00edmite a la avanzada de las empresas. De hecho, hace dos a\u00f1os recib\u00ed unos cat\u00e1logos que sirven para promocionar el litio argentino en Canad\u00e1. Los posibles lugares de extracci\u00f3n se presentan como si se estuviera hablando de caramelos. De lo que s\u00ed estoy segura es que al menos la poblaci\u00f3n de Jujuy est\u00e1 decidida a resistir hasta la muerte, sea como sea. Si a ellos les quitan ese modo de vida, si les quitan el agua, pierden absolutamente todo: sus tejidos, sus animales, sus ceremonias, su cosmovisi\u00f3n.<\/span>\n\n[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]","_et_gb_content_width":""},"categories":[3,272,280,279,285,278],"tags":[12,500,682,461,602,117,681,197,645],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSalt, Water, and Police Repression - Vist Projects<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/vistprojects.com\/en\/salt-water-and-police-repression\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Salt, Water, and Police Repression - Vist Projects\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/vistprojects.com\/en\/salt-water-and-police-repression\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Vist Projects\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-08-18T18:21:40+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"mvallejoq\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"[vist_img_post_intro]\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"mvallejoq\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"25 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/vistprojects.com\/en\/salt-water-and-police-repression\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vistprojects.com\/en\/salt-water-and-police-repression\/\",\"name\":\"Salt, Water, and Police Repression - 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